HESI READING PRACTICE TEST
The HESI Reading Practice Test offers a focused, simulated experience of the HESI A2 reading section. With carefully constructed passages and questions, it enhances comprehension skills, reading speed, and critical thinking required for success on exam day.
Topics Covered
Main Idea and Themes
Text Organization
Contextual Understanding
Drawing Inferences
Evaluating Arguments
00:00
Extract:
Sunnyside Up Most people are familiar with the damaging effects of the sun on unprotected skin, but not enough attention is paid to the many positive effects of receiving direct exposure to sunlight on a regular basis. The most compelling argument for increased exposure to sunlight is the need for vitamin D in the human body. Vitamin D is integral for maintaining healthy bones and preventing diseases like rickets and osteoporosis. It is synthesized by the skin when it comes into contact with the UVB rays found in sunlight. In order to ensure you are receiving the proper amount of vitamin D, it is recommended to get 15 minutes of direct exposure to sunlight at least two or three times a week. UVB rays are made less intense when passing through clouds and pollution, and will not transmit through glass or sunscreen. UVB rays are also less effective the further in distance you are from the equator. People with darker skin require more exposure to the sun to receive the same amount of vitamin D. In addition to vitamin D, sunlight will help regulate the circadian rhythms that ensure you get a good night’s sleep. Sunlight helps to prevent an overactive immune system, which may prove useful in preventing autoimmune diseases like psoriasis and lupus. Recent studies have even shown that sunlight can help lessen the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The negative impacts of excess exposure to sunlight should not be ignored; cancers resulting from skin damage are a real concern that must be taken seriously. But the importance of vitamin D and the other positive impacts of sunlight make a compelling argument for making sure we are spending enough time every week in direct sunlight.
What is the main idea of the passage?
A.
There are many positive effects of receiving direct exposure to sunlight.
B. The negative impacts of sunlight should not be ignored.
C. Vitamin D is integral for maintaining healthy bones and preventing diseases.
D. Vitamin D is synthesized by our bodies in reaction to direct sunlight.
Rationale
The main idea of the passage is that direct exposure to sunlight provides multiple important health benefits, and these benefits outweigh the risks when sunlight is received responsibly.
A. There are many positive effects of receiving direct exposure to sunlight.
This option correctly captures the overall focus of the passage. The author discusses several benefits of sunlight, including vitamin D production, regulation of sleep through circadian rhythms, immune system balance, and reduced symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The passage consistently returns to the idea that sunlight is beneficial when exposure is managed properly.
B. The negative impacts of sunlight should not be ignored.
While skin cancer and damage are mentioned, this idea appears briefly near the end and serves as a caution rather than the central focus. The passage does not primarily argue against sunlight, but rather emphasizes its benefits.
C. Vitamin D is integral for maintaining healthy bones and preventing diseases.
This is an important supporting detail, but it represents only one aspect of the argument. The passage goes beyond vitamin D to include sleep, immune regulation, and neurological benefits.
D. Vitamin D is synthesized by our bodies in reaction to direct sunlight.
This option explains a biological process rather than the overall message. It is factual but too narrow to represent the passage as a whole.
Conclusion
Option A accurately reflects the passage's central message by encompassing all major benefits discussed, making it the correct answer.
Extract:
Sunnyside Up Most people are familiar with the damaging effects of the sun on unprotected skin, but not enough attention is paid to the many positive effects of receiving direct exposure to sunlight on a regular basis. The most compelling argument for increased exposure to sunlight is the need for vitamin D in the human body. Vitamin D is integral for maintaining healthy bones and preventing diseases like rickets and osteoporosis. It is synthesized by the skin when it comes into contact with the UVB rays found in sunlight. In order to ensure you are receiving the proper amount of vitamin D, it is recommended to get 15 minutes of direct exposure to sunlight at least two or three times a week. UVB rays are made less intense when passing through clouds and pollution, and will not transmit through glass or sunscreen. UVB rays are also less effective the further in distance you are from the equator. People with darker skin require more exposure to the sun to receive the same amount of vitamin D. In addition to vitamin D, sunlight will help regulate the circadian rhythms that ensure you get a good night’s sleep. Sunlight helps to prevent an overactive immune system, which may prove useful in preventing autoimmune diseases like psoriasis and lupus. Recent studies have even shown that sunlight can help lessen the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The negative impacts of excess exposure to sunlight should not be ignored; cancers resulting from skin damage are a real concern that must be taken seriously. But the importance of vitamin D and the other positive impacts of sunlight make a compelling argument for making sure we are spending enough time every week in direct sunlight.
The term compelling, as used in the second paragraph, can best be defined as
A.
reasonable
B. convincing
C. common
D. worthwhile
Rationale
The word compelling is used to describe an argument that strongly persuades or convinces the reader.
A. Reasonable
Reasonable suggests logic or fairness, but it does not fully capture the strength implied by compelling. An argument can be reasonable without being persuasive.
B. Convincing
This is the correct definition. A "compelling argument" is one that powerfully persuades the reader to accept a viewpoint. The author uses strong evidence and multiple benefits to convince readers of sunlight's importance.
C. Common
Common means ordinary or frequently occurring. This meaning has no connection to persuasion or argument strength.
D. Worthwhile
Worthwhile refers to value or usefulness, not the ability to persuade. While the argument may be worthwhile, that is not what compelling means in this context.
Conclusion
In this passage, compelling clearly means convincing, making Option B correct.
Extract:
Sunnyside Up Most people are familiar with the damaging effects of the sun on unprotected skin, but not enough attention is paid to the many positive effects of receiving direct exposure to sunlight on a regular basis. The most compelling argument for increased exposure to sunlight is the need for vitamin D in the human body. Vitamin D is integral for maintaining healthy bones and preventing diseases like rickets and osteoporosis. It is synthesized by the skin when it comes into contact with the UVB rays found in sunlight. In order to ensure you are receiving the proper amount of vitamin D, it is recommended to get 15 minutes of direct exposure to sunlight at least two or three times a week. UVB rays are made less intense when passing through clouds and pollution, and will not transmit through glass or sunscreen. UVB rays are also less effective the further in distance you are from the equator. People with darker skin require more exposure to the sun to receive the same amount of vitamin D. In addition to vitamin D, sunlight will help regulate the circadian rhythms that ensure you get a good night’s sleep. Sunlight helps to prevent an overactive immune system, which may prove useful in preventing autoimmune diseases like psoriasis and lupus. Recent studies have even shown that sunlight can help lessen the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The negative impacts of excess exposure to sunlight should not be ignored; cancers resulting from skin damage are a real concern that must be taken seriously. But the importance of vitamin D and the other positive impacts of sunlight make a compelling argument for making sure we are spending enough time every week in direct sunlight.
What is the author's primary purpose in writing this essay?
A.
To persuade
B. To reflect
C. To entertain
D. To analyze
Rationale
The author's primary purpose is to persuade readers that regular, direct exposure to sunlight is necessary and beneficial for health.
A. To persuade
The author actively encourages readers to reconsider their avoidance of sunlight. Phrases such as "most compelling argument" and "make a compelling argument for making sure we are spending enough time" clearly show an intent to influence behavior and opinion.
B. To reflect
Reflection would involve personal thoughts or experiences. The passage contains no personal anecdotes or introspective commentary.
C. To entertain
The essay is factual and educational, with no storytelling or humor intended to amuse the reader.
D. To analyze
Although scientific facts are included, the passage does not deeply break down data or studies. Instead, it presents information to support a persuasive stance.
Conclusion
Because the essay aims to convince readers to value sunlight exposure, Option A is correct.
Extract:
Sunnyside Up Most people are familiar with the damaging effects of the sun on unprotected skin, but not enough attention is paid to the many positive effects of receiving direct exposure to sunlight on a regular basis. The most compelling argument for increased exposure to sunlight is the need for vitamin D in the human body. Vitamin D is integral for maintaining healthy bones and preventing diseases like rickets and osteoporosis. It is synthesized by the skin when it comes into contact with the UVB rays found in sunlight. In order to ensure you are receiving the proper amount of vitamin D, it is recommended to get 15 minutes of direct exposure to sunlight at least two or three times a week. UVB rays are made less intense when passing through clouds and pollution, and will not transmit through glass or sunscreen. UVB rays are also less effective the further in distance you are from the equator. People with darker skin require more exposure to the sun to receive the same amount of vitamin D. In addition to vitamin D, sunlight will help regulate the circadian rhythms that ensure you get a good night’s sleep. Sunlight helps to prevent an overactive immune system, which may prove useful in preventing autoimmune diseases like psoriasis and lupus. Recent studies have even shown that sunlight can help lessen the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The negative impacts of excess exposure to sunlight should not be ignored; cancers resulting from skin damage are a real concern that must be taken seriously. But the importance of vitamin D and the other positive impacts of sunlight make a compelling argument for making sure we are spending enough time every week in direct sunlight.
Identify the overall tone of the essay.
A.
Confused
B. Confident
C. Disheartened
D. Disapproving
Rationale
The overall tone of the essay is confident, as the author presents information assertively and with assurance.
A. Confused
A confused tone would show uncertainty or lack of clarity. The author's ideas are organized, clear, and decisive.
B. Confident
This is correct. The author confidently presents evidence and conclusions, using firm language such as "the most compelling argument" and clearly endorsing regular sunlight exposure.
C. Disheartened
Disheartened implies sadness or discouragement. The passage is optimistic and positive about health benefits.
D. Disapproving
The author does not scold or criticize readers. Instead, the tone is encouraging and informative.
Conclusion
The assured reminder of sunlight's benefits establishes a confident tone, making Option B correct.
Extract:
Sunnyside Up Most people are familiar with the damaging effects of the sun on unprotected skin, but not enough attention is paid to the many positive effects of receiving direct exposure to sunlight on a regular basis. The most compelling argument for increased exposure to sunlight is the need for vitamin D in the human body. Vitamin D is integral for maintaining healthy bones and preventing diseases like rickets and osteoporosis. It is synthesized by the skin when it comes into contact with the UVB rays found in sunlight. In order to ensure you are receiving the proper amount of vitamin D, it is recommended to get 15 minutes of direct exposure to sunlight at least two or three times a week. UVB rays are made less intense when passing through clouds and pollution, and will not transmit through glass or sunscreen. UVB rays are also less effective the further in distance you are from the equator. People with darker skin require more exposure to the sun to receive the same amount of vitamin D. In addition to vitamin D, sunlight will help regulate the circadian rhythms that ensure you get a good night’s sleep. Sunlight helps to prevent an overactive immune system, which may prove useful in preventing autoimmune diseases like psoriasis and lupus. Recent studies have even shown that sunlight can help lessen the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The negative impacts of excess exposure to sunlight should not be ignored; cancers resulting from skin damage are a real concern that must be taken seriously. But the importance of vitamin D and the other positive impacts of sunlight make a compelling argument for making sure we are spending enough time every week in direct sunlight.
Choose the best summary of the passage.
A.
Light-skinned people need 15 minutes of sunlight daily to avoid vitamin D deficiency.
B. Spending too much time indoors can weaken the immune system and disrupt sleep.
C. Although the negative effects of sunlight are well known, people should be aware that some sunlight is necessary and beneficial for health.
D. People can avoid direct sunlight and still receive its health benefits through glass and sunscreen.
Rationale
The best summary is the one that includes both the risks and the wide range of benefits discussed in the passage.
A. Light-skinned people need 15 minutes of sunlight daily to avoid vitamin D deficiency.
Too narrow. It focuses only on skin tone and vitamin D timing, leaving out sleep regulation, immune health, and neurological benefits.
B. Spending too much time indoors can weaken the immune system and disrupt sleep.
Also too narrow. It mentions only two benefits and ignores vitamin D and the author's central argument.
C. Although the negative effects of sunlight are well known, people should be aware that some sunlight is necessary and beneficial for health.
This option accurately reflects the passage by acknowledging known risks while emphasizing the necessity and benefits of sunlight, including vitamin D production, sleep regulation, and immune support.
D. People can avoid direct sunlight and still receive its health benefits through glass and sunscreen.
The passage explicitly states that UVB rays do not transmit through glass or sunscreen, directly contradicting this option.
Conclusion
Option C best represents the passage as a whole, making it the correct answer.
Extract:
Aromatherapy—Fact or Fiction? For years, aromatherapy has been touted as a safe and natural way to relax and even heal. Essential oils from a variety of scents have been added to candles and sprays to help people feel better. However, a recent study performed at Ohio State University says that these smells, as nice as they may be, do not do a thing to improve people’s health. To find out if aromatherapy actually works, the researchers tested two of the most popular scents: lemon and lavender. First, test subjects had their heart rate, blood pressure, stress hormones, and immune function measured and noted. Next, they were subjected to mild stressors and then told to sniff one of the scents to see if the scent would help them to relax. Finally, all the subjects were tested again to look for improvement. There were no significant changes noted—even in people who had previously stated they were true believers in the power of aromatherapy. Of course, this does not necessarily prove that aromatherapy is worthless, either. It was just one small study, pitted against the opinions of thousands of consumers who swear by peppermint on their pillow for an upset stomach or vanilla for a headache. More tests will be done, but in the meantime, a whiff of lavender, lemon, or other scents will certainly do no harm—and can be quite pleasant at the same time.
Which of the following is a conclusion that a reader can draw from this passage?
A.
Aromatherapy is not a legitimate therapy by anyone's standards.
B. Lemon and lavender are not healthy scents to inhale or use.
C. More studies are needed to determine if aromatherapy is truly beneficial.
D. Adding aromatherapy to regular treatment will help speed healing.
Rationale
A conclusion that a reader can draw from this passage is More studies are needed to determine if aromatherapy is truly beneficial.
A) Aromatherapy is not a legitimate therapy by anyone's standards
The passage only reports one study and notes that aromatherapy is popular among consumers. It does not claim universal illegitimacy.
B) Lemon and lavender are not healthy scents to inhale or use
The study found no measurable health benefits, but the scents are not described as harmful. This misrepresents the findings.
C) More studies are needed to determine if aromatherapy is truly beneficial
The text explains that initial research found no significant effects, but future tests are planned. This supports the conclusion that additional research is necessary before making definitive claims.
D) Adding aromatherapy to regular treatment will help speed healing
The study did not observe improvement in stress, immune function, or healing, so this statement is unsupported.
Conclusion
Because the study was inconclusive and further research is explicitly planned, C) More studies are needed to determine if aromatherapy is truly beneficial is the only conclusion fully supported by the passage.
Extract:
Aromatherapy—Fact or Fiction? For years, aromatherapy has been touted as a safe and natural way to relax and even heal. Essential oils from a variety of scents have been added to candles and sprays to help people feel better. However, a recent study performed at Ohio State University says that these smells, as nice as they may be, do not do a thing to improve people’s health. To find out if aromatherapy actually works, the researchers tested two of the most popular scents: lemon and lavender. First, test subjects had their heart rate, blood pressure, stress hormones, and immune function measured and noted. Next, they were subjected to mild stressors and then told to sniff one of the scents to see if the scent would help them to relax. Finally, all the subjects were tested again to look for improvement. There were no significant changes noted—even in people who had previously stated they were true believers in the power of aromatherapy. Of course, this does not necessarily prove that aromatherapy is worthless, either. It was just one small study, pitted against the opinions of thousands of consumers who swear by peppermint on their pillow for an upset stomach or vanilla for a headache. More tests will be done, but in the meantime, a whiff of lavender, lemon, or other scents will certainly do no harm—and can be quite pleasant at the same time.
What is the meaning of the word touted as used in the first paragraph?
A.
Revealed
B. Glorified
C. Overcome
D. Deceived
Rationale
The meaning of the word touted, as used in the first paragraph, is Glorified.
A) Revealed
Revealed suggests that something hidden was made known, which does not fit the context because aromatherapy was never concealed.
B) Glorified
Touted in the passage conveys promotion or enthusiastic praise, often implying that the claims may be exaggerated. Glorified captures this sense of being presented as superior or especially beneficial.
C) Overcome
Overcome means to defeat or surmount an obstacle, which is unrelated to promoting or praising something.
D) Deceived
Deceived implies intentional misleading or trickery, which the text does not assert. The author only critiques unsupported claims.
Conclusion
In context, touted conveys enthusiastic promotion or praise, making B) Glorified the appropriate synonym.
Extract:
Aromatherapy—Fact or Fiction? For years, aromatherapy has been touted as a safe and natural way to relax and even heal. Essential oils from a variety of scents have been added to candles and sprays to help people feel better. However, a recent study performed at Ohio State University says that these smells, as nice as they may be, do not do a thing to improve people’s health. To find out if aromatherapy actually works, the researchers tested two of the most popular scents: lemon and lavender. First, test subjects had their heart rate, blood pressure, stress hormones, and immune function measured and noted. Next, they were subjected to mild stressors and then told to sniff one of the scents to see if the scent would help them to relax. Finally, all the subjects were tested again to look for improvement. There were no significant changes noted—even in people who had previously stated they were true believers in the power of aromatherapy. Of course, this does not necessarily prove that aromatherapy is worthless, either. It was just one small study, pitted against the opinions of thousands of consumers who swear by peppermint on their pillow for an upset stomach or vanilla for a headache. More tests will be done, but in the meantime, a whiff of lavender, lemon, or other scents will certainly do no harm—and can be quite pleasant at the same time.
Identify the overall tone of the essay.
A.
Congratulatory
B. Uncertain
C. Annoyed
D. Distressed
Rationale
The overall tone of the essay is Uncertain.
A) Congratulatory
The passage does not contain praise or celebration. There is no language that commends aromatherapy or the study.
B) Uncertain
The author cites a study showing no measurable benefit but immediately qualifies this with "this does not necessarily prove that aromatherapy is worthless" and "more tests will be done." These statements indicate caution and lack of firm conclusions.
C) Annoyed
No expressions of irritation, frustration, or criticism appear in the text. The discussion is objective and measured.
D) Distressed
The passage does not show emotional upset or anguish; it is factual and analytical, presenting findings and limitations.
Conclusion
Because the author communicates caution and avoids making definitive claims, the essay's tone is B) Uncertain.
Extract:
Aromatherapy—Fact or Fiction? For years, aromatherapy has been touted as a safe and natural way to relax and even heal. Essential oils from a variety of scents have been added to candles and sprays to help people feel better. However, a recent study performed at Ohio State University says that these smells, as nice as they may be, do not do a thing to improve people’s health. To find out if aromatherapy actually works, the researchers tested two of the most popular scents: lemon and lavender. First, test subjects had their heart rate, blood pressure, stress hormones, and immune function measured and noted. Next, they were subjected to mild stressors and then told to sniff one of the scents to see if the scent would help them to relax. Finally, all the subjects were tested again to look for improvement. There were no significant changes noted—even in people who had previously stated they were true believers in the power of aromatherapy. Of course, this does not necessarily prove that aromatherapy is worthless, either. It was just one small study, pitted against the opinions of thousands of consumers who swear by peppermint on their pillow for an upset stomach or vanilla for a headache. More tests will be done, but in the meantime, a whiff of lavender, lemon, or other scents will certainly do no harm—and can be quite pleasant at the same time.
Which of the following is not listed as a detail in the passage?
A.
Subjects were given mild stressors.
B. Lemon and lavender scents were tested.
C. Vanilla worked better than lemon for stress.
D. The study took place at Ohio State University.
Rationale
The detail that is not listed in the passage is Vanilla worked better than lemon for stress.
A) Subjects were given mild stressors
The text explicitly states that participants were exposed to mild stressors as part of the experiment.
B) Lemon and lavender scents were tested
The study focused specifically on these two popular aromatherapy scents to measure their effects.
C) Vanilla worked better than lemon for stress
Vanilla is mentioned only as an example of what consumers like, not as part of the study, and no comparative results are given.
D) The study took place at Ohio State University
The passage clearly identifies Ohio State University as the location of the research.
Conclusion
Since the comparative effectiveness of vanilla was never tested or reported, C) Vanilla worked better than lemon for stress is the correct choice.
Extract:
MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a form of the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics, and as a result is very difficult to treat. MRSA now kills more Americans every year than HIV/AIDS, and the rates of infection are rising. Methicillin is an antibiotic that was introduced in the 1960s as a way of combating the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is ubiquitous in hospitals. Within a year, doctors began finding strains of bacteria that had already developed immunity to methicillin. By the 1990s, MRSA had become the leading hospital acquired skin infection in the United States. At the same time MRSA started appearing outside of hospitals. These were different strains of the bacteria, but just as dangerous, and spreading just as quickly. In the past 15 years, MRSA bacteria have become ubiquitous not only in hospitals, but in gyms, locker rooms, swimming pools, and any other settings where human contact is common. Researchers in Ireland are developing a technology that may significantly halt the spread of the hospital associated MRSA bacteria. They have developed a textile consisting of nanomaterials 1,000 times smaller than a human hair; these textiles are shown to halt the spread of infection and can be used for linens, drapes, and upholstery in hospitals. The potential for this technology to reduce the instances of hospital associated MRSA is staggering. You can reduce your risk for community associated MRSA infection by regularly washing your hands, covering all open wounds with a clean bandage, and not sharing any personal items such as razors or towels.
Ubiquitous in paragraph 2 means
A.
indigenous
B. often ignored
C. found everywhere
D. dangerous
Rationale
In this context, ubiquitous means "found everywhere."
A) indigenous
Indigenous refers to being native to a certain location. Ubiquitous does not convey origin but rather widespread presence, so this is incorrect.
B) often ignored
Being ignored implies a lack of attention. Ubiquitous refers to prevalence, not the degree of notice, so this does not fit.
C) found everywhere
The passage uses "ubiquitous" to describe MRSA's widespread presence in hospitals, gyms, and public pools. This is the precise meaning in context.
D) dangerous
Dangerous relates to hazard or risk. While MRSA is harmful, ubiquitous is describing distribution, not threat level, so this is incorrect.
Conclusion
found everywhere accurately conveys the meaning of ubiquitous in the passage.
Extract:
MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a form of the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics, and as a result is very difficult to treat. MRSA now kills more Americans every year than HIV/AIDS, and the rates of infection are rising. Methicillin is an antibiotic that was introduced in the 1960s as a way of combating the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is ubiquitous in hospitals. Within a year, doctors began finding strains of bacteria that had already developed immunity to methicillin. By the 1990s, MRSA had become the leading hospital acquired skin infection in the United States. At the same time MRSA started appearing outside of hospitals. These were different strains of the bacteria, but just as dangerous, and spreading just as quickly. In the past 15 years, MRSA bacteria have become ubiquitous not only in hospitals, but in gyms, locker rooms, swimming pools, and any other settings where human contact is common. Researchers in Ireland are developing a technology that may significantly halt the spread of the hospital associated MRSA bacteria. They have developed a textile consisting of nanomaterials 1,000 times smaller than a human hair; these textiles are shown to halt the spread of infection and can be used for linens, drapes, and upholstery in hospitals. The potential for this technology to reduce the instances of hospital associated MRSA is staggering. You can reduce your risk for community associated MRSA infection by regularly washing your hands, covering all open wounds with a clean bandage, and not sharing any personal items such as razors or towels.
Main idea of MRSA passage?.
A.
Methicillin may prove best way to stop MRSA
B. New textile is best bet to protect patients
C. Only one strain is potentially fatal
D. MRSA is a scourge both in and out of hospitals, but risk can be reduced
Rationale
The main idea is "MRSA is a scourge both in and out of hospitals, but risk can be reduced."
A) Methicillin may prove best way to stop MRSA
The passage explicitly states that MRSA is resistant to methicillin. This choice is contradicted by the text.
B) New textile is best bet to protect patients
While the textile shows promise, the passage does not claim it is the ultimate or best solution. It is one of multiple preventative strategies.
C) Only one strain is potentially fatal
The text mentions multiple strains of MRSA, all of which are potentially harmful. This option is inaccurate.
D) MRSA is a scourge both in and out of hospitals, but risk can be reduced
This summarizes the passage's scope and content: MRSA exists widely (hospitals, gyms, pools) and poses serious risks, but measures like hygiene and germ-fighting textiles can mitigate its impact.
Conclusion
MRSA is a scourge both in and out of hospitals, but risk can be reduced accurately captures the passage's scope, danger, and actionable guidance.
Extract:
MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a form of the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics, and as a result is very difficult to treat. MRSA now kills more Americans every year than HIV/AIDS, and the rates of infection are rising. Methicillin is an antibiotic that was introduced in the 1960s as a way of combating the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is ubiquitous in hospitals. Within a year, doctors began finding strains of bacteria that had already developed immunity to methicillin. By the 1990s, MRSA had become the leading hospital acquired skin infection in the United States. At the same time MRSA started appearing outside of hospitals. These were different strains of the bacteria, but just as dangerous, and spreading just as quickly. In the past 15 years, MRSA bacteria have become ubiquitous not only in hospitals, but in gyms, locker rooms, swimming pools, and any other settings where human contact is common. Researchers in Ireland are developing a technology that may significantly halt the spread of the hospital associated MRSA bacteria. They have developed a textile consisting of nanomaterials 1,000 times smaller than a human hair; these textiles are shown to halt the spread of infection and can be used for linens, drapes, and upholstery in hospitals. The potential for this technology to reduce the instances of hospital associated MRSA is staggering. You can reduce your risk for community associated MRSA infection by regularly washing your hands, covering all open wounds with a clean bandage, and not sharing any personal items such as razors or towels.
Which statement is an opinion?
A.
Hand washing helps combat MRSA
B. Not all Staph bacteria resist antibiotics
C. US hospitals should quickly adopt new germ fighting textiles
D. MRSA kills more than HIV/AIDS annually
Rationale
The statement "US hospitals should quickly adopt new germ fighting textiles" reflects an opinion rather than a verifiable fact.
A) Hand washing helps combat MRSA
This is a factual recommendation supported by research and standard infection control practices.
B) Not all Staph bacteria resist antibiotics
This is a scientifically verifiable fact about bacterial resistance patterns.
C) US hospitals should quickly adopt new germ fighting textiles
The wording "should quickly adopt" expresses a judgment about what hospitals ought to do. It is prescriptive and represents the author's recommendation, making it an opinion.
D) MRSA kills more than HIV/AIDS annually
This is a factual claim that can be measured against epidemiological data, so it is not an opinion.
Conclusion
US hospitals should quickly adopt new germ fighting textiles is an opinion because it expresses a recommendation rather than a statement of fact.
Extract:
MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a form of the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics, and as a result is very difficult to treat. MRSA now kills more Americans every year than HIV/AIDS, and the rates of infection are rising. Methicillin is an antibiotic that was introduced in the 1960s as a way of combating the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium that is ubiquitous in hospitals. Within a year, doctors began finding strains of bacteria that had already developed immunity to methicillin. By the 1990s, MRSA had become the leading hospital acquired skin infection in the United States. At the same time MRSA started appearing outside of hospitals. These were different strains of the bacteria, but just as dangerous, and spreading just as quickly. In the past 15 years, MRSA bacteria have become ubiquitous not only in hospitals, but in gyms, locker rooms, swimming pools, and any other settings where human contact is common. Researchers in Ireland are developing a technology that may significantly halt the spread of the hospital associated MRSA bacteria. They have developed a textile consisting of nanomaterials 1,000 times smaller than a human hair; these textiles are shown to halt the spread of infection and can be used for linens, drapes, and upholstery in hospitals. The potential for this technology to reduce the instances of hospital associated MRSA is staggering. You can reduce your risk for community associated MRSA infection by regularly washing your hands, covering all open wounds with a clean bandage, and not sharing any personal items such as razors or towels.
Which would not be inferred?
A.
Hospitals may soon limit spread with new textile
B. MRSA begins by infecting the skin
C. You're most likely to contract MRSA in a crowded location
D. Used clothing stores may harbor MRSA
Rationale
The statement that "Used clothing stores may harbor MRSA" cannot be inferred from the passage.
A) Hospitals may soon limit spread with new textile
The passage describes research in Ireland developing nanomaterial textiles that "halt the spread of infection and can be used for linens, drapes, and upholstery in hospitals." It is reasonable to infer that hospitals may adopt this technology to limit MRSA transmission.
B) MRSA begins by infecting the skin
MRSA is explicitly described as a "leading hospital acquired skin infection," which shows that skin infection is the initial site. This is directly supported.
C) You're most likely to contract MRSA in a crowded location
The passage notes that MRSA has become ubiquitous in "gyms, locker rooms, swimming pools, and any other settings where human contact is common." Crowded or shared locations increase exposure risk, making this a reasonable inference.
D) Used clothing stores may harbor MRSA
There is no mention of secondhand clothing or thrift stores. The passage focuses on hospitals, gyms, pools, and locker rooms. No support exists for this inference.
Conclusion
Used clothing stores may harbor MRSA cannot be inferred from the text.
Extract:
An Old Form of Running Is New Again Barefoot running is a rapidly growing movement that encourages people to leave their shoes at home and take to the streets in only their bare feet. Barefoot running advocates are quick to point out that while shoe technology has advanced significantly since the advent of the modern running shoe, there has been little decline in the amount of injuries that occur from running. Humankind has been running for millions of years, and modern running shoes have existed for less than 50 years. By wearing larger shoes with excessive cushioning, we are changing the biomechanics of how we run, thereby increasing the likelihood for injury. Early humans ran with a ‘forefoot strike,’ landing closer to the balls of their feet and using their foot’s natural arch as a spring to store and release energy. Modern shoe designs encourage a ‘heel strike,’ landing on the heel and rolling forward to the toe. Barefoot running advocates believe ‘heel striking’ replaces your reliance on the natural mechanics of your feet with the cushioning provided by your shoes, and that this is what causes many of the injuries affecting runners today. Critics assert that while our feet may have been designed for barefoot running, our road surfaces were not. Concrete and asphalt are much firmer than any surface where our human ancestors would have been running. Broken glass and debris also may make barefoot running a significant challenge. There is little consensus when it comes to the safety and effectiveness of barefoot running, but even the most skeptical of podiatrists will agree that wearing heavily padded shoes too often can result in a weaker foot and leg structure. Spend some extra time walking barefoot around your house; aside from building up the muscles and tendons that strengthen your feet, you may just find yourself tempted to go for a run.
Good title for barefoot running passage?
A.
"Everyone Should Run Barefoot"
B. "How to Prevent Running Injuries"
C. "Modern Road Surfaces vs. Barefoot Running"
D. "The Debate over Barefoot Running"
Rationale
The title "The Debate over Barefoot Running" reflects the passage's discussion.
A) "Everyone Should Run Barefoot"
This presents a directive or absolute recommendation. The passage does not advocate a single position.
B) "How to Prevent Running Injuries"
Injury prevention is one aspect discussed, but the passage also addresses history, biomechanics, and pros/cons, making this title too narrow.
C) "Modern Road Surfaces vs. Barefoot Running"
Road surfaces are a subtopic, not the main debate. Focusing solely on surfaces omits broader discussion of benefits and risks.
D) "The Debate over Barefoot Running"
Neutral and comprehensive; conveys that both proponents and critics are considered without prescribing behavior.
Conclusion
"The Debate over Barefoot Running" captures the passage's central discussion accurately.
Extract:
An Old Form of Running Is New Again Barefoot running is a rapidly growing movement that encourages people to leave their shoes at home and take to the streets in only their bare feet. Barefoot running advocates are quick to point out that while shoe technology has advanced significantly since the advent of the modern running shoe, there has been little decline in the amount of injuries that occur from running. Humankind has been running for millions of years, and modern running shoes have existed for less than 50 years. By wearing larger shoes with excessive cushioning, we are changing the biomechanics of how we run, thereby increasing the likelihood for injury. Early humans ran with a ‘forefoot strike,’ landing closer to the balls of their feet and using their foot’s natural arch as a spring to store and release energy. Modern shoe designs encourage a ‘heel strike,’ landing on the heel and rolling forward to the toe. Barefoot running advocates believe ‘heel striking’ replaces your reliance on the natural mechanics of your feet with the cushioning provided by your shoes, and that this is what causes many of the injuries affecting runners today. Critics assert that while our feet may have been designed for barefoot running, our road surfaces were not. Concrete and asphalt are much firmer than any surface where our human ancestors would have been running. Broken glass and debris also may make barefoot running a significant challenge. There is little consensus when it comes to the safety and effectiveness of barefoot running, but even the most skeptical of podiatrists will agree that wearing heavily padded shoes too often can result in a weaker foot and leg structure. Spend some extra time walking barefoot around your house; aside from building up the muscles and tendons that strengthen your feet, you may just find yourself tempted to go for a run.
Consensus in last paragraph means
A.
Investigation
B. Purpose
C. Trepidation
D. Unanimity
Rationale
The word "unanimity" reflects the meaning of consensus in the passage.
A) Investigation
Investigation refers to inquiry or study, which is unrelated to agreement among individuals.
B) Purpose
Purpose indicates an intended goal or aim, not the shared agreement implied by consensus.
C) Trepidation
Trepidation is fear or anxiety, which does not relate to the concept of agreement or collective opinion.
D) Unanimity
Consensus refers to general agreement; unanimity is a synonym, making this the most precise choice.
Conclusion
Unanimity correctly conveys the meaning of consensus.
Extract:
An Old Form of Running Is New Again Barefoot running is a rapidly growing movement that encourages people to leave their shoes at home and take to the streets in only their bare feet. Barefoot running advocates are quick to point out that while shoe technology has advanced significantly since the advent of the modern running shoe, there has been little decline in the amount of injuries that occur from running. Humankind has been running for millions of years, and modern running shoes have existed for less than 50 years. By wearing larger shoes with excessive cushioning, we are changing the biomechanics of how we run, thereby increasing the likelihood for injury. Early humans ran with a ‘forefoot strike,’ landing closer to the balls of their feet and using their foot’s natural arch as a spring to store and release energy. Modern shoe designs encourage a ‘heel strike,’ landing on the heel and rolling forward to the toe. Barefoot running advocates believe ‘heel striking’ replaces your reliance on the natural mechanics of your feet with the cushioning provided by your shoes, and that this is what causes many of the injuries affecting runners today. Critics assert that while our feet may have been designed for barefoot running, our road surfaces were not. Concrete and asphalt are much firmer than any surface where our human ancestors would have been running. Broken glass and debris also may make barefoot running a significant challenge. There is little consensus when it comes to the safety and effectiveness of barefoot running, but even the most skeptical of podiatrists will agree that wearing heavily padded shoes too often can result in a weaker foot and leg structure. Spend some extra time walking barefoot around your house; aside from building up the muscles and tendons that strengthen your feet, you may just find yourself tempted to go for a run.
Which statement would not be inferred by the reader?
A.
Barefoot runners may face hazards
B. Modern shoes may increase injury risk
C. Walking barefoot strengthens muscles
D. Before 1950 Olympic runners ran barefoot
Rationale
The statement "Before 1950 Olympic runners ran barefoot" cannot be inferred.
A) Barefoot runners may face hazards
Passage mentions risks such as glass, debris, and concrete surfaces. This is a reasonable inference.
B) Modern shoes may increase injury risk
Advocates argue that shoes alter biomechanics and may contribute to injuries. Inference supported by text.
C) Walking barefoot strengthens muscles
Explicitly stated: barefoot running strengthens muscles in the feet and legs.
D) Before 1950 Olympic runners ran barefoot
No historical claim about Olympic athletes is provided. Only general reference is made to shoes being less than 50 years old.
Conclusion
Before 1950 Olympic runners ran barefoot cannot be inferred from the passage.
Extract:
An Old Form of Running Is New Again Barefoot running is a rapidly growing movement that encourages people to leave their shoes at home and take to the streets in only their bare feet. Barefoot running advocates are quick to point out that while shoe technology has advanced significantly since the advent of the modern running shoe, there has been little decline in the amount of injuries that occur from running. Humankind has been running for millions of years, and modern running shoes have existed for less than 50 years. By wearing larger shoes with excessive cushioning, we are changing the biomechanics of how we run, thereby increasing the likelihood for injury. Early humans ran with a ‘forefoot strike,’ landing closer to the balls of their feet and using their foot’s natural arch as a spring to store and release energy. Modern shoe designs encourage a ‘heel strike,’ landing on the heel and rolling forward to the toe. Barefoot running advocates believe ‘heel striking’ replaces your reliance on the natural mechanics of your feet with the cushioning provided by your shoes, and that this is what causes many of the injuries affecting runners today. Critics assert that while our feet may have been designed for barefoot running, our road surfaces were not. Concrete and asphalt are much firmer than any surface where our human ancestors would have been running. Broken glass and debris also may make barefoot running a significant challenge. There is little consensus when it comes to the safety and effectiveness of barefoot running, but even the most skeptical of podiatrists will agree that wearing heavily padded shoes too often can result in a weaker foot and leg structure. Spend some extra time walking barefoot around your house; aside from building up the muscles and tendons that strengthen your feet, you may just find yourself tempted to go for a run.
Which is an opinion?
A.
Barefoot running is natural and advantageous
B. Shoe cost keeps increasing
C. Concrete is harder than dirt
D. Foot arch acts as spring
Rationale
The statement "Barefoot running is natural and advantageous" reflects an opinion because it expresses a value judgment about benefits.
A) Barefoot running is natural and advantageous
The word "advantageous" conveys a judgment about benefit. While barefoot running may have some advantages, this is debated and not objectively proven. It reflects the author or advocates' perspective.
B) Shoe cost keeps increasing
Shoe prices are measurable and can be verified with data. This is an objective statement about trends.
C) Concrete is harder than dirt
The relative hardness of materials can be tested physically. This is a factual observation.
D) Foot arch acts as spring
The biomechanical function of the foot arch is observable and scientifically supported. This is factual rather than opinion.
Conclusion
Barefoot running is natural and advantageous expresses a subjective view and is an opinion.
A summary is a
A.
retelling of all the ideas of a text
B. review of the final idea of a text
C. rundown of the first idea of a text
D. restatement of the main ideas of a text
Rationale
A summary is a restatement of the main ideas of a text.
A summary is a concise, objective distillation of a longer piece of writing. Its primary function is to capture the essence of the original by identifying and paraphrasing its most important points, while omitting minor details, examples, and repetitions. An effective summary is significantly shorter than the source material and written in the summarizer's own words, focusing on the overarching arguments or narrative flow rather than every single idea.
A) retelling of all the ideas of a text: This describes a paraphrase or a complete reproduction, not a summary. A retelling of all ideas would be as long as the original text and would include supporting details, tangential points, and examples. A summary is selective by definition, including only the core, essential ideas necessary for understanding the whole.
B) review of the final idea of a text: This is too narrow and potentially misleading. A review often implies a critical evaluation or opinion. Focusing only on the "final idea" ignores the development of thought throughout the text. The conclusion is important, but a summary must also incorporate the key points that lead to that conclusion to give a complete picture of the author's message.
C) rundown of the first idea of a text: This is incorrect for similar reasons. Isolating the "first idea" (likely the introduction or thesis) misses the body of evidence, arguments, and subsequent ideas that develop the text's full meaning. A summary is holistic, not limited to the opening statements.
D) restatement of the main ideas of a text: This is the correct definition. A summary identifies the primary themes, arguments, or events (the main ideas) and re-expresses them in a condensed form. It filters out less important information to highlight the structural backbone of the text. This restatement should be clear, accurate, and maintain the original's emphasis and logical relationships.
Conclusion:
The defining characteristic of a summary is its selective focus on the central, governing ideas of a source. It is not an exhaustive replay, a critique, or a focus on only one part. Therefore, a summary is accurately defined as D) a restatement of the main ideas of a text.
Which graphic would you use to show a sequence of decisions involved in a complex process?
A.
Diagram
B. Flowchart
C. Bar graph
D. Pie chart
Rationale
A flowchart would best show a sequence of decisions in a complex process.
Different types of graphics are designed to visualize specific kinds of information. The key requirement here is to depict a "sequence of decisions" in a "complex process." This implies a need to show a step-by-step progression where choices lead to different pathways and outcomes. The graphic must be able to represent direction, decision points (often with yes/no or if/then branches), and a logical flow from start to finish.
A) Diagram: A diagram is a broad, general term for any simplified drawing that explains the appearance or structure of something. It can show parts of an object (like a heart diagram), a relationship (like a Venn diagram), or a process. However, it is not specifically optimized for decision sequences. While a process can be diagrammed, the term "flowchart" is the precise and technical name for the type of diagram best suited for mapping decision-based processes.
B) Flowchart: This is the correct and specialized tool for the task. A flowchart uses standardized symbols (ovals for start/end, rectangles for processes, diamonds for decisions, arrows for flow) to visually represent the steps, decisions, and flow of control in a process. Its primary purpose is to break down complex procedures, especially those involving conditional logic, into an easy-to-follow visual sequence, making it ideal for illustrating algorithms, workflows, or decision trees.
C) Bar graph: A bar graph is used to compare quantities or frequencies across different categories. It displays numerical data with rectangular bars whose lengths are proportional to the values they represent. It is excellent for showing comparisons (e.g., sales per quarter, population by country) but cannot depict sequence, time, or decision pathways. It shows static relationships, not dynamic processes.
D) Pie chart: A pie chart shows the proportional composition of a whole. Each "slice" represents a category's percentage of the total. It is useful for showing market share, budget allocation, or demographic breakdowns. Like a bar graph, it represents static, part-to-whole relationships at a single point in time and cannot illustrate a sequence of steps or decisions over time.
Conclusion:
For the specific purpose of mapping a stepwise process involving decisions and alternative paths, the conventional and effective visual tool is the B) flowchart.
Which graphic would you use to convey the differences between numerical values using rectangles?
A.
Diagram
B. Bar Graph
C. Flowchart
D. Pie Chart
Rationale
A bar graph would best convey differences between numerical values using rectangles.
The question asks for the graphic that uses rectangles to display differences in numerical values. This describes a fundamental visualization technique where the length or height of a rectangular bar corresponds directly to a numerical quantity, allowing for immediate visual comparison across different items or categories.
A) Diagram: As a general category, diagrams can include many forms, but "diagram" does not specifically denote a graphic that uses rectangles to compare numerical values. A diagram could be a schematic, a blueprint, or a Venn diagram, none of which primarily use scaled rectangles for numerical comparison.
B) Bar Graph: This is the precise answer. A bar graph (or bar chart) is defined by its use of rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values they represent. The bars can be oriented vertically or horizontally. The primary function of a bar graph is to compare discrete numerical values across different categories (e.g., test scores by student, revenue by product), making differences immediately apparent through bar length.
C) Flowchart: A flowchart uses rectangles (among other shapes like diamonds and ovals) to represent steps or processes in a sequence. However, the size of the rectangles in a flowchart is not proportional to a numerical value; they are typically uniform and contain text labels. Their purpose is to show order and logic, not to compare quantities.
D) Pie Chart: A pie chart uses wedges ("slices") of a circle, not rectangles, to represent proportions of a whole. The size of each slice corresponds to a percentage, but the shape is not rectangular. Pie charts are for showing composition, not for comparing individual, independent numerical values across categories in a way that highlights their differences.
Conclusion:
The graphic specifically designed to employ rectangles as proportional measures for comparing numerical values is the B) Bar Graph.
Which of the following would make a summary ineffective?
A.
One that is objective
B. One that uses new words
C. One full of the main ideas
D. One that is structurally plagiarized
Rationale
A summary that is structurally plagiarized would be ineffective.
An effective summary must be a condensed, original restatement of a source's main points in the writer's own words and sentence structures. "Structural plagiarism" occurs when a writer copies the original text's exact syntactic framework, merely replacing a few words with synonyms while maintaining the same sentence order and grammatical construction. This fails to demonstrate comprehension and is a form of academic dishonesty, rendering the summary ineffective as an independent piece of writing.
A) One that is objective: Objectivity is a crucial strength of a good summary. An objective summary sticks to the facts and ideas presented in the source without injecting the summarizer's personal opinions, biases, or interpretations. This neutrality ensures the summary accurately represents the original author's intent, making it more, not less, effective.
B) One that uses new words: Using new words (paraphrasing) is an essential technique in summarization. It proves the summarizer has processed and understood the material well enough to express it differently. Direct copying (quotation) should be minimal and reserved for especially key phrasing. A summary that skillfully uses new words to convey the same meaning is highly effective.
C) One full of the main ideas: This is the very definition of a good summary. A summary should be dense with the text's central concepts, having filtered out extraneous details, examples, and repetitions. Being "full of the main ideas" means it successfully captures the core message efficiently, which is the primary goal.
D) One that is structurally plagiarized: This fundamentally undermines the purpose of a summary. Structural plagiarism is not just copying words but copying the organizational "skeleton" of the original. It shows a lack of independent thought and synthesis. Even if the words are changed, the summary is derivative and fails to provide a true digest of the information in a new form. It is ineffective as a learning tool and violates standards of original work.
Conclusion:
While objectivity, paraphrasing, and a focus on main ideas are hallmarks of a strong summary, copying the source's sentence structure even with word substitutions constitutes plagiarism and results in an D) ineffective summary.
Extract:
As Time Goes On is a painfully realistic depiction of what life is like for some senior citizens in the twilight of their lives. Tabitha Reynolds artfully captures the harsh reality people face when they grow old. From one's physical limitations to the emotional toll of letting go of one's former self, Reynolds pays homage to this fragile yet meaningful time in a person's life. The book chronicles the final years of Audrey Lacoste's life. A former prima ballerina, Audrey is now a prisoner to her rheumatoid arthritis. The disease has limited Audrey's body in ways she could never have imagined. Her physical ailment coupled with the loss of her beloved husband causes her two self- involved children to move her into Sunshine Cove, an assisted living facility. The facility is anything but sunny, but slowly the light in Audrey's life begins to flicker once again when she makes an unexpected friend. A New York Times best seller for seven consecutive weeks, As Time Goes On is a must read. The words will make you laugh, cry, gasp and sigh as you travel along the rocky road to the end of Audrey's life.
The purpose of this passage is to:
A.
decide.
B. inform.
C. persuade.
D. entertain.
Rationale
The purpose of the book review passage is to persuade.
This passage is a book review or promotional blurb. Its primary goal is not just to describe the book's content but to convince the reader that the book is worthwhile and impactful. It uses evaluative language ("painfully realistic," "artfully captures," "pays homage"), emotional appeals ("make you laugh, cry, gasp and sigh"), and a strong endorsement ("is a must read") to encourage the audience to purchase and read the book.
A) decide.: "Decide" is not a standard author's purpose. The passage is not presenting options for the reader to choose between; it is advocating for one specific book.
B) inform.: While the passage informs the reader about the book's plot and themes, that information is subservient to a larger goal. The factual details about Audrey's life are presented not for their own sake but to illustrate why the book is so compelling and emotionally resonant. The dominant intent is to go beyond information to recommendation.
C) persuade.: This is correct. The language is overtly persuasive. Phrases like "painfully realistic," "artfully captures," and "pays homage" are forms of praise. The final paragraph is a direct sales pitch: "A New York Times best seller... is a must read. The words will make you laugh, cry..." This is clearly designed to persuade the reader to believe the book is excellent and to act on that belief by reading it.
D) entertain.: The passage might be somewhat engaging due to its dramatic description, but its primary function is not to entertain as a standalone piece. It is a piece of promotional writing. Any entertainment value is derived from the promise of the book itself, not from the passage's own narrative.
Conclusion:
With its strong evaluative judgments and direct call to action ("is a must read"), the passage's overriding purpose is to convince the reader of the book's value and to encourage them to read it. Therefore, the purpose is C) to persuade.
Extract:
As Time Goes On is a painfully realistic depiction of what life is like for some senior citizens in the twilight of their lives. Tabitha Reynolds artfully captures the harsh reality people face when they grow old. From one's physical limitations to the emotional toll of letting go of one's former self, Reynolds pays homage to this fragile yet meaningful time in a person's life. The book chronicles the final years of Audrey Lacoste's life. A former prima ballerina, Audrey is now a prisoner to her rheumatoid arthritis. The disease has limited Audrey's body in ways she could never have imagined. Her physical ailment coupled with the loss of her beloved husband causes her two self- involved children to move her into Sunshine Cove, an assisted living facility. The facility is anything but sunny, but slowly the light in Audrey's life begins to flicker once again when she makes an unexpected friend. A New York Times best seller for seven consecutive weeks, As Time Goes On is a must read. The words will make you laugh, cry, gasp and sigh as you travel along the rocky road to the end of Audrey's life.
Which detail from the passage is factual?
A.
As Time Goes On is a painfully realistic depiction of what life is like for some senior citizens...
B. Tabitha Reynolds artfully captures the harsh reality people face as they grow old.
C. The book chronicles the final years of Audrey Lacoste's life.
D. ...As Time Goes On is a must read.
Rationale
The detail that the book chronicles Audrey Lacoste's life is factual.
A factual statement is one that can be verified as true or false based on objective evidence, independent of personal feelings or opinions. It deals with observable, measurable phenomena. Statements of opinion, evaluation, or judgment are subjective and cannot be proven true or false in the same way.
A) As Time Goes On is a painfully realistic depiction of what life is like for some senior citizens...: This is an opinion. Words like "painfully realistic" are subjective judgments. What one reader finds painfully realistic, another might find exaggerated or sentimental. This is a critique, not a verifiable fact.
B) Tabitha Reynolds artfully captures the harsh reality people face as they grow old.: This is also an opinion. "Artfully captures" is a statement of artistic evaluation. Whether the portrayal is "artful" or if the reality depicted is universally "harsh" are matters of personal interpretation and critical opinion.
C) The book chronicles the final years of Audrey Lacoste's life.: This is a verifiable fact. One can read the book and confirm that its narrative follows the final years of a character named Audrey Lacoste. It is a straightforward, objective description of the book's plot content.
D) ...As Time Goes On is a must read.: This is a strong opinion and a recommendation. "Must read" is a promotional label, not a factual claim. It reflects the author's belief about the book's importance, not an objective truth that can be checked.
Conclusion:
The only statement that makes a neutral, verifiable claim about the book's content, without any evaluative language, is C) The book chronicles the final years of Audrey Lacoste's life.
Extract:
As Time Goes On is a painfully realistic depiction of what life is like for some senior citizens in the twilight of their lives. Tabitha Reynolds artfully captures the harsh reality people face when they grow old. From one's physical limitations to the emotional toll of letting go of one's former self, Reynolds pays homage to this fragile yet meaningful time in a person's life. The book chronicles the final years of Audrey Lacoste's life. A former prima ballerina, Audrey is now a prisoner to her rheumatoid arthritis. The disease has limited Audrey's body in ways she could never have imagined. Her physical ailment coupled with the loss of her beloved husband causes her two self- involved children to move her into Sunshine Cove, an assisted living facility. The facility is anything but sunny, but slowly the light in Audrey's life begins to flicker once again when she makes an unexpected friend. A New York Times best seller for seven consecutive weeks, As Time Goes On is a must read. The words will make you laugh, cry, gasp and sigh as you travel along the rocky road to the end of Audrey's life.
The author of the passage includes details about Audrey Lacoste's life in order to appeal to the reader's:
A.
reason.
B. trust.
C. feelings.
D. knowledge.
Rationale
The author includes details about Audrey's life to appeal to the reader's feelings.
Authors use different rhetorical strategies to connect with readers. Pathos is an appeal to emotion. The details about Audrey, a former prima ballerina now imprisoned by arthritis, widowed, and placed in a dreary facility by self-involved children, are carefully chosen to evoke empathy, sadness, and a sense of injustice. This emotional engagement is intended to make the reader care about the character and, by extension, become interested in the book that tells her story.
A) reason.: An appeal to reason (logos) would involve logic, facts, statistics, or clear cause-and-effect arguments. The story of a single fictional character is not a logical argument; it's an emotional narrative designed to create sympathy, not to prove a point through reasoning.
B) trust.: An appeal to trust (ethos) is built on the author's or source's credibility. Mentioning that the book is a "New York Times best seller" is an appeal to ethos, establishing its popularity and presumed quality. The details about Audrey's life themselves do not build trust; they build emotional investment.
C) feelings.: This is correct. The descriptive details ("prisoner to her rheumatoid arthritis," "loss of her beloved husband," "facility is anything but sunny") are calculated to stir the reader's emotions: pity for her suffering, indignation at her children's behavior, and hope when she makes a friend. This emotional appeal makes the book seem powerful and moving.
D) knowledge.: An appeal to knowledge would assume the reader has specific background information or would provide factual context to educate them. The passage does not assume prior knowledge about arthritis or assisted living; instead, it uses those elements to craft an emotionally resonant scenario, not an informative lecture.
Conclusion:
By painting a vivid and poignant picture of Audrey's struggles, the author aims to touch the reader's heart, making them feel something. This is a direct appeal to the reader's C) feelings.
Extract:
Are you tired of your children not listening to you? Do they seem distracted every time you ask them to do something? Are you met with a glossy- eyed stare every time you say something to them? Part of the problem is too much screen time. Technology has its benefits, but it does a lot to ruin our children's focus. There are too many flashes of light, too many colors, too many hyperlinks to navigate - it's a wonder our children can even focus at all! Limiting your children's screen time would do wonders for them. Make more time to have face- to- face conversations. This will allow your children to actually practice good listening and communication skills. Hand them a book! This will help them sit still and focus on one thing for a period of time. Technology won't be going away anytime soon, but you can set limits for your children to help them focus, listen, and better engage with you.
This article is written for:
A.
parents
B. children
C. teachers
D. policymakers
Rationale
This article is written for parents.
The intended audience of a text is revealed through its use of pronouns, imperative verbs, and the nature of its advice. This article directly addresses "you" in the context of dealing with "your children." The commands ("Limiting your children's screen time," "Make more time," "Hand them a book!") are instructions given to an adult who has authority to set limits and structure activities for children. The problems described (children not listening, being distracted) are classic parental concerns.
A) parents: This is correct. The entire article is framed as advice for parents on how to manage their children's technology use to improve behavior and focus. The possessive "your children" and the directive language assume the reader has control over the child's environment.
B) children: The article is about children, but it is not written to them. It speaks about "them" and gives instructions to the adult managing them. Children are the subject, not the audience.
C) teachers: While teachers might share these concerns, the language is specifically domestic and parental ("your children," "at home" is implied). Teachers would be addressed as managing "students" in a "classroom," not "your children" at home.
D) policymakers: Policymakers would be addressed about systemic changes, laws, or school policies. This article is about direct, in-home parenting strategies, not about legislation or institutional rules.
Conclusion:
The use of the second-person "you" coupled with "your children" and prescriptive advice about household management clearly identifies the target reader as A) parents.
Extract:
Are you tired of your children not listening to you? Do they seem distracted every time you ask them to do something? Are you met with a glossy-eyed stare every time you say something to them? Part of the problem is too much screen time. Technology has its benefits, but it does a lot to ruin our children's focus. There are too many flashes of light, too many colors, too many hyperlinks to navigate it's a wonder our children can even focus at all! Limiting your children's screen time would do wonders for them. Make more time to have face-to-face conversations. This will allow your children to actually practice good listening and communication skills. Hand them a book! This will help them sit still and focus on one thing for a period of time. Technology won't be going away anytime soon, but you can set limits for your children to help them focus, listen, and better engage with you.
The author of this article assumes that:
A.
parents are frustrated by their children not listening to them.
B. parents are on screens more than their children are.
C. children do not like to be told what to do by their parents.
D. children would rather talk and read books than be on screens.
Rationale
The author assumes that parents are frustrated by their children not listening.
An assumption is a belief taken for granted as true without being explicitly stated, which underlies the author's argument. The article opens with three rhetorical questions about children not listening, being distracted, and giving "glossy-eyed stares." The author does not prove this is a common experience; they assume it is a relatable frustration for the reader (parents) and uses it as the hook to introduce the topic. This shared frustration is the starting point for the article's advice.
A) parents are frustrated by their children not listening to them.: This is correct. The opening questions are designed to resonate with the reader's presumed experience. The author assumes this frustration is widespread enough to immediately engage the parent audience and make them receptive to the proposed solution (limiting screen time).
B) parents are on screens more than their children are.: The article makes no comparison between parent and child screen time. Its sole focus is on children's screen time and its effects. It does not mention parent behavior at all.
C) children do not like to be told what to do by their parents.: The article identifies distraction and poor listening as problems, but it attributes these to screen time overuse, not to a general dislike of parental authority. The assumption is about the cause (technology), not about an inherent rebelliousness in children.
D) children would rather talk and read books than be on screens.: This is the opposite of what the article assumes. The article argues that screen time is so pervasive and overstimulating that it replaces and undermines the ability to engage in conversations and read books. The author assumes children are drawn to screens, not that they naturally prefer the alternatives.
Conclusion:
The persuasive strategy of the article relies on the unstated premise that the reader recognizes and is bothered by the problem described in the opening lines. Therefore, the author assumes A) parents are frustrated by their children not listening to them.
Extract:
Are you tired of your children not listening to you? Do they seem distracted every time you ask them to do something? Are you met with a glossy-eyed stare every time you say something to them? Part of the problem is too much screen time. Technology has its benefits, but it does a lot to ruin our children's focus. There are too many flashes of light, too many colors, too many hyperlinks to navigate it's a wonder our children can even focus at all! Limiting your children's screen time would do wonders for them. Make more time to have face-to-face conversations. This will allow your children to actually practice good listening and communication skills. Hand them a book! This will help them sit still and focus on one thing for a period of time. Technology won't be going away anytime soon, but you can set limits for your children to help them focus, listen, and better engage with you.
Which conclusion is not supported by the article?
A.
The author thinks kids are on their screens too much.
B. The author thinks technology is negatively impacting children.
C. The author thinks parents do not know how to discipline their children.
D. The author thinks parents need to do more to help draw kids away from technology.
Rationale
The conclusion that parents do not know how to discipline their children is not supported.
A conclusion is supported if the text provides evidence or statements that lead directly to it. The article clearly states its views on screen time and its effects. It also offers advice to parents, which implies a need for action. However, it does not make any claims about parents' knowledge of discipline in general.
A) The author thinks kids are on their screens too much.: This is directly supported. The title of the problem is "too much screen time," and the author describes technology as ruining focus and overstimulating children, implying excessive use.
B) The author thinks technology is negatively impacting children.: This is the central thesis. The author states that technology "does a lot to ruin our children's focus" and argues it hinders listening, communication, and the ability to concentrate on a single task like reading.
C) The author thinks parents do not know how to discipline their children.: This is not supported. The article does not mention discipline at all. It addresses a specific modern challenge (screen distraction) and offers a specific solution (limit screens, promote conversation/reading). It assumes parents want to solve the problem and gives them tools, but it does not make a judgment about their overall disciplinary knowledge or skills. The problem is framed as environmental (too much tech), not as a failure of parental discipline.
D) The author thinks parents need to do more to help draw kids away from technology.: This is supported by the entire third paragraph, which is a list of actions for parents to take: "Limiting your children's screen time," "Make more time...," "Hand them a book!" The final sentence also urges, "you can set limits."
Conclusion:
The article is focused on a specific cause (screen time) and solution (parental limits), not on making broad judgments about parental competence. Therefore, the unsupported conclusion is C) The author thinks parents do not know how to discipline their children.
Extract:
You know what I hate? Businesses that rely on contract workers and freelancers instead of regular employees. Don't hit me with arguments about grater [sic] freedom for workers. Freedom isn't free if your [sic] bleeding out in the street. Sound the alarm, people! Workers are suffering! No benefits means you're out of luck if you get sick and can't do your job. Plus, studies show freelancers don't make as much money as regular employees. From Rod's Job Blog at rodtalksaboutjobs.com
Which of the following is not a sign that the reader should be skeptical of this source?
A.
The passage contains typos and spelling errors.
B. The author presents opinion information as if it is fact.
C. There is no clear information about the author's credentials.
D. The passage comes from a personal blog with a .com address.
Rationale
The author presenting opinion as fact is not a sign of skepticism because the passage is openly opinionated.
Signs of skepticism (like typos, anonymity, or informal platforms) warn readers that information may be unreliable. We must find the option that is NOT typically a red flag for skepticism in the context of this overtly opinionated blog post.
A) The passage contains typos and spelling errors. This is a valid sign of skepticism. It suggests a lack of professional editing and attention to detail, which can correlate with careless research or argumentation. ("grater" for "greater," "your" for "you're").
B) The author presents opinion information as if it were fact. In this specific passage, the author is not hiding his opinions. He starts with "You know what I hate?" and uses hyperbolic, emotional language ("Sound the alarm!"). His presentation is transparently opinionated and argumentative. Therefore, this is NOT a hidden flaw; it's the open nature of the text. In persuasive blogging, presenting opinion as opinion is expected, not a covert reason for skepticism.
C) There is no clear information about the author's credentials. This is a classic reason for skepticism. "Rod" of "Rod's Job Blog" is not identified as an economist, labor researcher, or industry expert. The reader has no way to assess his expertise on employment trends, making his claims less credible.
D) The passage comes from a personal blog with a .com address. While many .com sites are credible, a personal blog (as opposed to an institutional .edu, .gov, or reputable .org/news site) typically has lower editorial standards. It is more likely to host personal opinion than rigorously vetted information. This is a legitimate, though not definitive, reason to initially question the source's authority.
Conclusion:
The blog's genre is personal opinion, and the author openly signals this with his rhetorical style. Therefore, B) The author presents opinion information as if it were fact is NOT a sign of skepticism in this case because he is quite transparent about expressing his views.
Extract:
You know what I hate? Businesses that rely on contract workers and freelancers instead of regular employees. Don't hit me with arguments about grater [sic] freedom for workers. Freedom isn't free if your [sic] bleeding out in the street. Sound the alarm, people! Workers are suffering! No benefits means you're out of luck if you get sick and can't do your job. Plus, studies show freelancers don't make as much money as regular employees. From Rod's Job Blog at rodtalksaboutjobs.com
Why should a reader be skeptical of the point about freelancers not making as much money as regular employees?
A.
The argument is not based in logic.
B. Some freelancers make plenty of money.
C. The source of the information is not clear.
D. The sentence contains grammatical errors.
Rationale
A reader should be skeptical because the source of the information is not clear.
The sentence "Plus, studies show freelancers don't make as much money as regular employees" presents a factual claim supported by an appeal to authority ("studies show"). Skepticism is warranted when such appeals lack specific references.
A) The argument is not based on logic. The argument itself (comparing average income) is logical. The potential flaw is in the evidence for the premise, not the logic of the conclusion if the premise were true.
B) Some freelancers make plenty of money. This is a counterexample that challenges the generalization. While true, a reader's skepticism when first encountering the claim would more directly stem from the lack of evidence provided. The absence of a cited source is a more immediate, concrete reason to doubt the claim's validity before even considering counterexamples.
C) The source of the information is not clear. This is the most direct and fundamental reason for skepticism. The phrase "studies show" is vague. Which studies? Who conducted them? When? What was the methodology? Without a citation, the reader cannot verify the claim, assess the quality of the research, or determine if the author is misrepresenting the findings. This vagueness undermines the credibility of the factual assertion.
D) The sentence contains grammatical errors. The sentence in question is grammatically correct. Other sentences in the passage have errors, but this specific one does not.
Conclusion:
When a writer makes a factual claim and cites unspecified "studies" as proof, the appropriate scholarly or critical response is to question the source. C) The source of the information is not clear is the correct reason for skepticism.
Extract:
You know what I hate? Businesses that rely on contract workers and freelancers instead of regular employees. Don't hit me with arguments about grater [sic] freedom for workers. Freedom isn't free if your [sic] bleeding out in the street. Sound the alarm, people! Workers are suffering! No benefits means you're out of luck if you get sick and can't do your job. Plus, studies show freelancers don't make as much money as regular employees. From Rod's Job Blog at rodtalksaboutjobs.com
A reader should be skeptical of the line 'Freedom isn't free if your (sic) bleeding out in the street' because it:
A.
appears to use objective language but is actually hiding gender bias.
B. uses emotional language without responding to the opposing argument.
C. seems to present an expert point of view but does not name the source.
D. makes no attempt to defend regular workers in a discussion of the economy.
Rationale
A reader should be skeptical because it uses emotional language without responding to the opposing argument.
This line is part of the author's rebuttal to a potential counterargument ("grater freedom for workers"). We must evaluate its rhetorical weakness.
A) appears to use objective language but is actually hiding gender bias. The line uses vividly subjective and emotional language ("bleeding out in the street"). It does not appear objective, and there is no indication of gender bias in its content.
B) uses emotional language without responding to the opposing argument. This is accurate. The author dismisses the pro-freedom argument with a graphic, emotionally charged metaphor of life-threatening distress. This is a classic pathos-based tactic that attempts to shut down debate through shock and fear rather than logically engaging with the merits of the opposing view (e.g., discussing flexibility, autonomy, or entrepreneurship). It substitutes emotion for reasoned rebuttal.
C) seems to present an expert point of view but does not name the source. The line is clearly the author's own hyperbolic statement, not an appeal to an unnamed expert. It doesn't "seem" expert; it seems opinionated and dramatic.
D) makes no attempt to defend regular workers in a discussion of the economy. The entire passage defends regular workers. This specific line's flaw is not a lack of defense but the method of its counterattack, which is emotionally manipulative rather than substantive.
Conclusion:
The line is a rhetorical flourish designed to evoke fear and pity, bypassing a logical analysis of the "freedom" argument. A critical reader should be skeptical of such tactics. Thus, B) uses emotional language without responding to the opposing argument is the correct reason.
Extract:
You know what I hate? Businesses that rely on contract workers and freelancers instead of regular employees. Don't hit me with arguments about grater [sic] freedom for workers. Freedom isn't free if your [sic] bleeding out in the street. Sound the alarm, people! Workers are suffering! No benefits means you're out of luck if you get sick and can't do your job. Plus, studies show freelancers don't make as much money as regular employees. From Rod's Job Blog at rodtalksaboutjobs.com
A student is writing a paper on employment trends and wants to quote an expert's opinion. What type of site would provide the most credible alternative to Rod's Job Blog?
A.
A different post on Rod's Jobs Blog
B. A different blog with a .net address
C. An opinion article by a recognized expert in the field
D. A government website tracking employment statistics
Rationale
An opinion article by a recognized expert would provide the most credible alternative.
The question asks for a credible source for an expert's opinion. Credibility for opinion depends on the authority and qualifications of the person expressing it. We must distinguish between facts (data) and expert opinion.
A) A different post on Rod's Jobs Blog. This source has already been established as a non-credible personal blog. Another post from the same source does not solve the credibility problem.
B) A different blog with a .net address. The domain extension (.net, .com) is less important than the authorship and purpose. A different anonymous or personal blog, regardless of address, lacks the inherent authority of a recognized expert.
C) An opinion article by a recognized expert in the field. This is the best alternative. For an expert opinion, the most credible source is the writing of a person with established credentials (e.g., a labor economist, a professor of employment law, a senior fellow at a think tank) publishing in a reputable outlet (like a newspaper's opinion section or a professional journal). Their expertise lends authority to their interpretations and arguments.
D) A government website tracking employment statistics. This is an excellent source for factual data (e.g., Bureau of Labor Statistics reports). However, government sites typically present aggregated data and reports, not the opinions or interpretive arguments of named individuals. The student needs an "expert's opinion," which is different from raw or compiled statistics.
Conclusion:
To find a credible expert opinion, one must seek out commentary authored by a qualified individual. Therefore, C) An opinion article by a recognized expert in the field is the most credible alternative.
Extract:
You know what I hate? Businesses that rely on contract workers and freelancers instead of regular employees. Don't hit me with arguments about grater [sic] freedom for workers. Freedom isn't free if your [sic] bleeding out in the street. Sound the alarm, people! Workers are suffering! No benefits means you're out of luck if you get sick and can't do your job. Plus, studies show freelancers don't make as much money as regular employees. From Rod's Job Blog at rodtalksaboutjobs.com
Which sentence provides an effective summary of the text above?
A.
The author of this paragraph really likes bananas and researched them thoroughly.
B. Shipping and refrigeration technology helped bananas become a major export crop.
C. This paragraph should include more detail about the development of the banana trade.
D. Before 1850, most Americans and Europeans had never had the opportunity to taste a banana.
Rationale
An effective summary is that shipping and refrigeration technology helped bananas become a major export crop.
A summary must capture the main ideas of the text concisely and objectively, without adding personal judgment or focusing on minor details.
A) The author of this paragraph really likes bananas and researched them thoroughly. This is a subjective inference about the author's feelings and effort, not a summary of the content. The paragraph doesn't express a liking for bananas; it describes their trade history.
B) Shipping and refrigeration technology helped bananas become a major export crop. This sentence effectively synthesizes the paragraph's core cause-and-effect relationship. It identifies the key enabling technologies (steamships, railways, refrigeration) mentioned and states their result (bananas becoming a major export crop), which is the paragraph's central point about historical development leading to current global availability.
C) This paragraph should include more detail about the development of the banana trade. This is a critique or suggestion for improvement, not a summary of what the paragraph actually says.
D) Before 1850, most Americans and Europeans had never had the opportunity to taste a banana. This is an accurate restatement of the paragraph's first sentence, but it is only one supporting detail. A summary must include the main point about how and why this changed, which this option omits entirely.
Conclusion:
The paragraph traces a historical transformation enabled by technology. An effective summary must include both the cause (technology) and the effect (global trade). B) Shipping and refrigeration technology helped bananas become a major export crop.
Extract:
Read the following summary of the paragraph above. 'According to John K. Miller, the invention of shipping and refrigeration technology helped bananas become a major export crop. The banana trade is an important source of income for many countries around the world, and consumers can buy bananas easily even in places where bananas do not grow.'
What makes this summary effective?
A.
It makes a judgment on the original text without being unfair.
B. It restates the ideas of the original text in completely new words.
C. It rearranges the ideas of the original text into a different sequence.
D. It highlights ideas from the original text that were not stated explicitly.
Rationale
The summary is effective because it restates the ideas in completely new words.
An effective summary distills the source's key points without copying its phrasing (to avoid plagiarism) and without inserting new ideas or judgments.
A) It makes a judgment on the original text without being unfair. The sample summary does not judge the original text (e.g., call it "good" or "bad"). It reports the content. This is not its defining effective feature.
B) It restates the ideas of the original text in completely new words. This is a hallmark of a good summary. The sample uses synonyms and restructures sentences (e.g., "invention of shipping and refrigeration technology" for "invention of the steamship... Railways and refrigeration"; "important source of income" for "major export"; "buy bananas easily" for "have access to plentiful inexpensive bananas"). This demonstrates comprehension without plagiarism.
C) It rearranges the ideas of the original text into a different sequence. The summary does follow a logical sequence (cause, then effect, then current status), which may differ slightly from the paragraph's structure. Still, this rearrangement is not the primary marker of effectiveness. The key is the paraphrasing of content.
D) It highlights ideas from the original text that were not stated explicitly. The ideas in the summary are all explicit in the original. "Important source of income" is implied by "major export," and "consumers can buy bananas easily" is a direct paraphrase of the last sentence. The summary does not introduce new, hidden ideas.
Conclusion:
The primary technique for writing a proper summary is paraphrasing, conveying the original ideas in one's own words to demonstrate understanding. The sample summary does this successfully, making B) It restates the ideas of the original text in completely new words, the correct answer.
Extract:
Read the following summary of the paragraph above. 'According to John K. Miller, the invention of shipping and refrigeration technology helped bananas become a major export crop. The banana trade is an important source of income for many countries around the world, and consumers can buy bananas easily even in places where bananas do not grow.'
Which summary sentence retains language too close to the original text?
A.
The author of this paragraph really likes bananas and researched them thoroughly.
B. This paragraph should include more detail about the development of the banana trade.
C. Before 1850, most Americans and Europeans had never had the opportunity to taste a banana.
D. The technological developments of the Industrial Revolution helped create a global banana trade.
Rationale
The sentence about never having the opportunity to taste a banana retains language too close to the original.
A summary should paraphrase. Language "too close to the original" risks plagiarism. We must find the sentence that copies wording and structure with only minor changes.
A) The author of this paragraph really likes bananas and researched them thoroughly. This is an original, subjective comment. It uses none of the paragraph's key phrasing.
B) This paragraph should include more detail about the development of the banana trade. This is an original critique. Its wording is not taken from the paragraph.
C) Before 1850, most Americans and Europeans had never had the opportunity to taste a banana. This mirrors the original almost verbatim. Original: "Until about 1850, few people living in temperate climates had ever had the opportunity to taste a banana." The summary changes "few people living in temperate climates" to "most Americans and Europeans" (an acceptable paraphrase) but keeps the entire second half of the sentence intact: "had never had the opportunity to taste a banana." This is too close, bordering on copying.
D) The technological developments of the Industrial Revolution helped create a global banana trade. This is a strong paraphrase. It synthesizes "steamship," "railways," and "refrigeration" into "technological developments of the Industrial Revolution" and rephrases the outcome creatively.
Conclusion:
Sentence C lifts a key phrase directly from the source text without significant rewording, which is ineffective and unethical summarizing. Therefore, C) Before 1850, most Americans and Europeans had never had the opportunity to taste a banana retains language too close to the original.
Extract:
Read the following summary of the paragraph above. 'According to John K. Miller, the invention of shipping and refrigeration technology helped bananas become a major export crop. The banana trade is an important source of income for many countries around the world, and consumers can buy bananas easily even in places where bananas do not grow.'
Which summary sentence fails to be objective?
A.
The author of this paragraph really likes bananas and researched them thoroughly.
B. This paragraph should include more detail about the development of the banana trade.
C. Before 1850, most Americans and Europeans had never had the opportunity to taste a banana.
D. The technological developments of the Industrial Revolution helped create a global banana trade.
Rationale
The sentence about the author liking bananas fails to be objective.
An objective summary reports only the content of the source material without adding the summarizer's personal opinions, feelings, or evaluations.
A) The author of this paragraph really likes bananas and researched them thoroughly. This sentence is entirely subjective. It infers the author's personal feelings ("really likes bananas") and makes a judgment about the author's process ("researched them thoroughly"). These are not present in the factual, neutral paragraph itself.
B) This paragraph should include more detail about the development of the banana trade. This is also subjective it's a critique or suggestion for improvement. It evaluates the paragraph rather than summarizing it.
C) Before 1850, most Americans and Europeans had never had the opportunity to taste a banana. This is an objective restatement of a fact presented in the paragraph (with slight paraphrase/interpretation of "temperate climates").
D) The technological developments of the Industrial Revolution helped create a global banana trade. This is an objective synthesis of the paragraph's main cause-and-effect claim.
Conclusion:
Both A and B are non-objective, but the question asks for *a* summary sentence that fails to be objective. A) The author of this paragraph really likes bananas and researched them thoroughly is clearly a failure of objectivity because it inserts unsupported personal assumptions about the author.
Extract:
Read the following sentence: 'Nobody would eat bananas today if modern shipping and refrigeration technology had never been invented.'
Why doesn't this sentence belong in a summary of the paragraph above?
A.
It concerns supporting details and not main ideas.
B. It adheres too closely to the original author's language.
C. It fails to make a clear judgment about the original text.
D. It does not accurately state an idea from the original text.
Rationale
The sentence does not belong because it does not accurately state an idea from the original text.
A summary must accurately reflect the ideas in the source. This sentence makes a hyperbolic, absolute counterfactual claim.
A) It concerns supporting details and not main ideas. The sentence speaks to the importance of technology, which is a main idea. Its problem is not relevance but accuracy.
B) It adheres too closely to the original author's language. The sentence uses original language ("shipping and refrigeration technology"), but its structure and claim are new and extreme. The problem is the claim itself, not the proximity of phrasing.
C) It fails to make a clear judgment about the original text. Summaries should not make judgments about the text; they should report it. This is not a flaw.
D) It does not accurately state an idea from the original text. This is correct. The paragraph states that technology enabled the global export trade and access to non-producing climates. It does not claim that nobody would eat bananas. Bananas would still be eaten and traded locally in tropical regions where they grow, even without modern technology. The sentence makes an inaccurate, overreaching conclusion not supported by the text.
Conclusion:
Summaries must be faithful to the source. The given sentence introduces an inaccuracy by ignoring local consumption in banana-growing regions. Thus, it doesn't belong because D) It does not accurately state an idea from the original text.
Extract:
Most people have had the pleasure of tasting a delicious chocolate chip cookie at some point in their lives. But what most folks do not know is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident. Ruth Graves Wakefield, owner of the popular Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts, prepared all the food for her guests. People came from all over to stay at the Toll House Inn and eat her famous Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. These chocolate cookies were such a hit that Ruth found herself baking them on a daily basis. One day, when she was preparing the recipe, she realized she had run out of baker's chocolate. She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting them to melt and disperse through the cookie dough. To her surprise, when she took the cookies out of the oven, the chocolate morsels retained their shape as "chips" in the cookie, thereby making them the first batch of chocolate chip cookies ever baked. Ruth's chocolate chip cookies were so popular that they ended up permanently replacing her Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. Thanks to this happy accident, people all over the world get to enjoy one of the best desserts ever invented!
Which sentence is the topic sentence?
A.
Most people have had the pleasure of tasting a delicious chocolate chip cookie at some point in their lives.
B. But what most folks do not know is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident.
C. She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting them to melt and disperse through the cookie dough.
D. Ruth's chocolate chip cookies were so popular that they ended up permanently replacing her Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies.
Rationale
The chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident.
The topic sentence of a paragraph is the one that introduces the central idea or main point that the rest of the text supports and elaborates upon. In this passage, the core narrative focuses on the accidental invention of chocolate chip cookies, with subsequent sentences providing specific details about Ruth Wakefield, her inn, and the events leading to the creation of the cookie.
A) Most people have had the pleasure of tasting a delicious chocolate chip cookie at some point in their lives.
This sentence serves as a general, engaging opener to draw the reader into the topic. However, it states a broad, common experience rather than presenting the specific, unique claim that forms the paragraph's central argument. It is a lead-in sentence that sets the stage but does not convey the key informative point of the passage.
B) But what most folks do not know is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident.
This sentence directly presents the paragraph's primary thesis: the unexpected origin of chocolate chip cookies. It introduces the surprising fact that the entire passage is dedicated to explaining. Every other sentence in the paragraph provides evidence or narrative details supporting this claim, making it the definitive topic sentence.
C) She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting it to melt and disperse through the cookie dough.
This is a specific action taken by Ruth Wakefield and functions as a crucial supporting detail. It describes how the accident happened, but it is not the overarching idea of the paragraph. It explains a part of the process rather than stating the main point about the invention's accidental nature.
D) Ruth's chocolate chip cookies were so popular that they ended up permanently replacing her Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies.
This sentence describes a consequence of the accidental invention of its popularity and success. While it reinforces the significance of the event, it is a result of the main idea, not the main idea itself. It is a concluding detail that shows the impact of the accident but does not introduce the paragraph's core subject.
Conclusion:
The sentence that encapsulates the main idea, the accidental invention of chocolate chip cookies, is B. It is the claim that the entire paragraph develops and supports, whereas the other options are either introductory remarks, specific narrative details, or resulting outcomes.
Extract:
Most people have had the pleasure of tasting a delicious chocolate chip cookie at some point in their lives. But what most folks do not know is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident. Ruth Graves Wakefield, owner of the popular Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts, prepared all the food for her guests. People came from all over to stay at the Toll House Inn and eat her famous Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. These chocolate cookies were such a hit that Ruth found herself baking them on a daily basis. One day, when she was preparing the recipe, she realized she had run out of baker's chocolate. She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting them to melt and disperse through the cookie dough. To her surprise, when she took the cookies out of the oven, the chocolate morsels retained their shape as "chips" in the cookie, thereby making them the first batch of chocolate chip cookies ever baked. Ruth's chocolate chip cookies were so popular that they ended up permanently replacing her Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. Thanks to this happy accident, people all over the world get to enjoy one of the best desserts ever invented!
In the paragraph, the chocolate chip cookie is:
A.
the topic.
B. the main idea.
C. a supporting detail.
D. the topic sentence.
Rationale
The chocolate chip cookie is the topic of the paragraph.
Understanding the distinction between a topic, main idea, supporting detail, and topic sentence is essential for reading comprehension. The topic is the general subject matter of a text, while the main idea is the specific point or argument made about that topic.
A) The topic.
The chocolate chip cookie is the general subject that the entire paragraph discusses. Every sentence relates back to it in some way, whether describing its origin, its creator, or its popularity. It is the "what" the paragraph is about.
B) The main idea.
The main idea is a complete sentence that expresses the central point or argument concerning the topic. In this paragraph, the main idea is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident. The chocolate chip cookie itself is the subject, not the complete thought about it.
C) A supporting detail.
Supporting details are pieces of information, facts, examples, or descriptions that explain, illustrate, or prove the main idea. The chocolate chip cookie is the central subject being detailed; it is not a piece of evidence used to support another larger point. Details in the paragraph include Ruth running out of baker's chocolate or the cookies' popularity.
D) The topic sentence.
The topic sentence is the specific sentence in the paragraph that states the main idea. In this text, that is sentence B: "But what most folks do not know is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident." The chocolate chip cookie is part of that sentence, but it is not the sentence itself.
Conclusion:
The chocolate chip cookie is the topic of the paragraph, the overarching subject under discussion. The main idea makes a claim about this topic, and supporting details provide information about it.
Extract:
Most people have had the pleasure of tasting a delicious chocolate chip cookie at some point in their lives. But what most folks do not know is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident. Ruth Graves Wakefield, owner of the popular Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts, prepared all the food for her guests. People came from all over to stay at the Toll House Inn and eat her famous Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. These chocolate cookies were such a hit that Ruth found herself baking them on a daily basis. One day, when she was preparing the recipe, she realized she had run out of baker's chocolate. She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting them to melt and disperse through the cookie dough. To her surprise, when she took the cookies out of the oven, the chocolate morsels retained their shape as "chips" in the cookie, thereby making them the first batch of chocolate chip cookies ever baked. Ruth's chocolate chip cookies were so popular that they ended up permanently replacing her Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. Thanks to this happy accident, people all over the world get to enjoy one of the best desserts ever invented!
Which sentence summarizes the main idea of the paragraph?
A.
Chocolate chip cookies are more popular than Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies.
B. Ruth Graves Wakefield became famous for her chocolate chip cookie recipe.
C. One of the most classic and popular desserts came about unexpectedly.
D. It takes a whole lot of work to create something long-lasting.
Rationale
One of the most classic and popular desserts came about unexpectedly.
A summary of the main idea must capture the most important, overarching point of the passage without focusing on isolated details. It should reflect the essence of what the author wants the reader to understand.
A) Chocolate chip cookies are more popular than Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies.
This statement is factually true within the context of the paragraph, as it mentions that the new cookie replaced the old one. However, it is a comparative detail that illustrates the result of the accidental invention, not the invention itself. It is a supporting point, not the central thesis.
B) Ruth Graves Wakefield became famous for her chocolate chip cookie recipe.
This is another factual outcome detailed in the passage. Ruth's fame is a consequence of the accident, but the paragraph is not primarily a biography about her rise to fame. The focus is on the unexpected origin of the cookie, with Ruth's story serving as the vehicle for that narrative.
C) One of the most classic and popular desserts came about unexpectedly.
This sentence perfectly abstracts the paragraph's core argument. It identifies the subject (a classic dessert), acknowledges its status (popular), and captures the crucial element of its origin (unexpectedly/by accident). It generalizes the specific story of Ruth Wakefield into the universal point the author intends to convey.
D) It takes a whole lot of work to create something long-lasting.
This statement introduces a theme of effort and perseverance that is not present in the paragraph. The text emphasizes a "happy accident," not diligent work. In fact, the invention occurred due to a shortcut (using broken chocolate) when a planned ingredient was missing, which contradicts the idea of arduous effort.
Conclusion:
The main idea summary must convey the unexpected nature of the dessert's creation. Option C accomplishes this by highlighting the accidental origin of a now-popular classic, which is the fundamental message of the entire passage.
Extract:
Most people have had the pleasure of tasting a delicious chocolate chip cookie at some point in their lives. But what most folks do not know is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident. Ruth Graves Wakefield, owner of the popular Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts, prepared all the food for her guests. People came from all over to stay at the Toll House Inn and eat her famous Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. These chocolate cookies were such a hit that Ruth found herself baking them on a daily basis. One day, when she was preparing the recipe, she realized she had run out of baker's chocolate. She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting them to melt and disperse through the cookie dough. To her surprise, when she took the cookies out of the oven, the chocolate morsels retained their shape as "chips" in the cookie, thereby making them the first batch of chocolate chip cookies ever baked. Ruth's chocolate chip cookies were so popular that they ended up permanently replacing her Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. Thanks to this happy accident, people all over the world get to enjoy one of the best desserts ever invented!
Which of the following sentences from the paragraph is a supporting detail of the topic sentence?
A.
Ruth Graves Wakefield, owner of the popular Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts, prepared all the food for her guests on a daily basis.
B. People came from all over to stay at the Toll House Inn and eat her famous Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies.
C. These chocolate cookies were such a hit that Ruth found herself baking them on a daily basis.
D. She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting them to melt and disperse through the cookie dough.
Rationale
Ruth's decision to break up a block of Nestle chocolate instead of using baker's chocolate is a supporting detail.
Supporting details provide specific evidence, examples, or explanations that directly illustrate or prove the point made in the topic sentence (main idea). The topic sentence here is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident.
A) Ruth Graves Wakefield, owner of the popular Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts, prepared all the food for her guests daily.
This sentence provides background information about Ruth Wakefield, establishing her role and setting. While it is relevant context, it does not directly explain how or why the invention was an accident. It supports the narrative but not the specific claim of accidental invention.
B) People came from all over to stay at the Toll House Inn and eat her famous Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies.
This detail establishes the popularity and reputation of Ruth's original cookies. It sets the stage for why she was baking so often, but like option A, it is contextual background rather than a direct illustration of the accidental invention.
C) These chocolate cookies were such a hit that Ruth found herself baking them daily.
This explains the high demand for her original cookies, which is the reason she was in the process of baking when the accident occurred. It is a causal detail leading up to the key event, but does not describe the event itself.
D) She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting them to melt and disperse through the cookie dough.
This sentence is the pivotal action that directly constitutes the "accident." The topic sentence claims the invention was accidental; this detail shows the exact moment of that accident: Ruth used a substitute ingredient with a specific expectation (that it would melt), and the unexpected outcome (the chips retaining shape) led to the new creation. It is the most direct supporting evidence for the main idea.
Conclusion:
The supporting detail that most immediately and concretely demonstrates the "accident" described in the topic sentence is D. It captures the erroneous assumption and the unplanned action that resulted in the novel product.
Extract:
Most people have had the pleasure of tasting a delicious chocolate chip cookie at some point in their lives. But what most folks do not know is that chocolate chip cookies were invented by accident. Ruth Graves Wakefield, owner of the popular Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts, prepared all the food for her guests. People came from all over to stay at the Toll House Inn and eat her famous Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. These chocolate cookies were such a hit that Ruth found herself baking them on a daily basis. One day, when she was preparing the recipe, she realized she had run out of baker's chocolate. She decided to break up a block of Nestle semi-sweet chocolate instead, expecting them to melt and disperse through the cookie dough. To her surprise, when she took the cookies out of the oven, the chocolate morsels retained their shape as "chips" in the cookie, thereby making them the first batch of chocolate chip cookies ever baked. Ruth's chocolate chip cookies were so popular that they ended up permanently replacing her Chocolate Butter Drop Do cookies. Thanks to this happy accident, people all over the world get to enjoy one of the best desserts ever invented!
Which sentence would best function as a supporting detail in this paragraph?
A.
The Nestle Company now owns the rights to Ruth Graves Wakefield's chocolate chip cookie recipe.
B. Ruth Graves Wakefield tasted the cookies with the chocolate morsels in them and realized immediately how delicious they were.
C. Today people buy pre-packaged chocolate chips instead of breaking off pieces of chocolate from a Nestle bar.
D. Ruth Graves Wakefield sold her recipe in exchange for a lifetime of free chocolate.
Rationale
Ruth Graves Wakefield tasting the cookies and realizing they were delicious would best function as a supporting detail.
A strong supporting detail should fit seamlessly into the existing narrative, providing information that directly reinforces the main idea or elaborates on a key point in the story. The paragraph's main idea is the accidental invention, and its narrative follows the sequence of events from the accident to the result.
A) The Nestle Company now owns the rights to Ruth Graves Wakefield's chocolate chip cookie recipe.
This is a historical or legal fact that occurs as a consequence long after the events described in the paragraph. The paragraph's timeline ends with the cookies' immediate popularity and the replacement of the old recipe. Introducing modern corporate ownership shifts focus away from the origin story and into later commercial history, which disrupts the narrative flow.
B) Ruth Graves Wakefield tasted the cookies with the chocolate morsels in them and realized immediately how delicious they were.
This detail would fit right after the description of taking the cookies out of the oven. It provides the immediate reaction to the accident, explaining why she recognized the successful result. It supports the narrative by connecting the unexpected physical outcome (chips retaining shape) to the sensory discovery of a new, pleasing flavor and texture, which is crucial for explaining why the accident was a success.
C) Today, people buy pre-packaged chocolate chips instead of breaking off pieces of chocolate from a Nestle bar.
This statement jumps to contemporary practice, creating a sharp chronological break from the 1930s story. While it shows the legacy of the invention, it is a modern comparison that does not support the specific historical narrative of how the invention happened. It functions more as a tangential fact than an integral supporting detail.
D) Ruth Graves Wakefield sold her recipe in exchange for a lifetime of free chocolate.
This is another post-invention consequence, dealing with business agreements. Like option A, it moves the story beyond the scope of the paragraph, which is focused on the moment of creation and its immediate impact (replacing her old cookies). It introduces a new contractual element that is not hinted at in the original text.
Conclusion:
The detail that best supports and extends the existing narrative by providing a plausible and relevant character reaction to the central event is B. It enhances the story of accidental discovery by adding the creator's recognition of its value, thereby strengthening the link between the accident and the dessert's subsequent fame.
Extract:
Passage 1 Many people find termites to be destructive little pests, but they are actually ingenious little creatures. Termites build mounds that are architectural marvels. These mounds have complex tunnel systems that allow for temperature control, ensuring the colony stays cool in hot weather. Some species even cultivate fungi inside their mounds for food. Their social structure is highly organized, with different termites having specific roles like workers, soldiers, and reproducers. Passage 2 Last summer, my heart sank when I found termites in the wooden beam of our porch. I called an exterminator immediately. He explained how they silently eat away at wood from the inside out. The repair bill was enormous, and we couldn't use the porch for weeks. I now have a yearly inspection scheduled. I'll never see termites as anything but a homeowner's nightmare.
Passage 1 is intended to:
A.
inform readers about pest control.
B. describe a personal home repair.
C. persuade readers that termites are amazing insects.
D. tell a funny story about insects.
Rationale
Passage 1 is intended to persuade readers that termites are amazing insects.
The passage presents a specific, positive viewpoint about termites, using factual details to reshape a common negative perception.
A) Inform readers about pest control.
The passage contains information about termite behavior, but nothing about how to control them as pests. It does not mention extermination, prevention, or treatment. Its focus is on termite biology and abilities, not pest management.
B) Describe a personal home repair.
This describes Passage 2, not Passage 1. Passage 1 is written from a general, expository perspective, not a personal, narrative one.
C) Persuade readers that termites are amazing insects.
The passage opens by directly countering a common view ("destructive little pests") and asserting an opposite claim ("ingenious little creatures"). It then lists impressive facts about their architecture, temperature control, agriculture, and social structure to support this claim and convince the reader to admire them. The overall structure is argumentative.
D) Tell a funny story about insects.
The tone is expository and admiring, not humorous or narrative. It presents facts to build a case, not to tell a story with comic elements.
Conclusion:
The clear intent of Passage 1 is to argue for a revised, positive perception of termites, making its purpose to persuade readers that termites are amazing insects.
Extract:
Passage 1 Many people find termites to be destructive little pests, but they are actually ingenious little creatures. Termites build mounds that are architectural marvels. These mounds have complex tunnel systems that allow for temperature control, ensuring the colony stays cool in hot weather. Some species even cultivate fungi inside their mounds for food. Their social structure is highly organized, with different termites having specific roles like workers, soldiers, and reproducers. Passage 2 Last summer, my heart sank when I found termites in the wooden beam of our porch. I called an exterminator immediately. He explained how they silently eat away at wood from the inside out. The repair bill was enormous, and we couldn't use the porch for weeks. I now have a yearly inspection scheduled. I'll never see termites as anything but a homeowner's nightmare.
Passage 2 is intended to:
A.
persuade readers to admire termites.
B. inform readers about termite social structure.
C. describe the anatomy of a termite.
D. entertain readers with a personal story.
Rationale
Passage 2 is intended to entertain readers with a personal story.
The passage is a brief first-person narrative about a specific incident in the author's life and its lasting impact.
A) Persuade readers to admire termites.
Passage 2 does the opposite; it reinforces the negative view of termites as destructive pests. The author concludes, "I'll never see termites as anything but a homeowner's nightmare."
B) Inform readers about termite social structure.
This is the subject of Passage 1. Passage 2 only mentions that termites eat wood from the inside out, which is basic destructive behavior, not social structure.
C) Describe the anatomy of a termite.
Neither passage describes termite anatomy (body parts). Passage 1 describes their constructed mounds and social roles.
D) Entertain readers with a personal story.
The passage relates a short, relatable anecdote about a common homeowner problem: discovering pests, dealing with exterminators, facing repair bills, and changing habits (yearly inspections). The primary intent is to share this personal experience in an engaging way, which is to entertain.
Conclusion:
Passage 2 is a personal anecdote whose primary purpose is to entertain readers with a personal story.
Extract:
Passage 1 Many people find termites to be destructive little pests, but they are actually ingenious little creatures. Termites build mounds that are architectural marvels. These mounds have complex tunnel systems that allow for temperature control, ensuring the colony stays cool in hot weather. Some species even cultivate fungi inside their mounds for food. Their social structure is highly organized, with different termites having specific roles like workers, soldiers, and reproducers. Passage 2 Last summer, my heart sank when I found termites in the wooden beam of our porch. I called an exterminator immediately. He explained how they silently eat away at wood from the inside out. The repair bill was enormous, and we couldn't use the porch for weeks. I now have a yearly inspection scheduled. I'll never see termites as anything but a homeowner's nightmare.
Passage 1 says, "Many people find termites to be destructive little pests, but they are actually ingenious little creatures." This suggests that:
A.
things are not always what they seem.
B. termites are more dangerous than people think.
C. people should not be afraid of termites.
D. termites are not really insects.
Rationale
The sentence suggests that things are not always what they seem.
This sentence sets up the central argument of Passage 1 by contrasting a superficial, common perception with a deeper, surprising reality.
A) Things are not always what they seem.
The sentence explicitly contrasts appearance ("people find") with asserted reality ("they are actually"). It introduces the theme that a first glance or popular opinion (destructive pests) can be misleading, and a closer look reveals a hidden truth (ingenious creatures). This is a general statement about perception vs. reality.
B) Termites are more dangerous than people think.
The sentence argues the opposite: that termites are less purely destructive and more ingenious than people think. It does not suggest they are more dangerous; it suggests they are more admirable.
C) People should not be afraid of termites.
While the passage might lead a reader to this conclusion, the quoted sentence does not directly address fear. It addresses a judgment ("destructive little pests") and counters it with an alternative judgment ("ingenious little creatures"). Fear is an emotional response not explicitly mentioned here.
D) Termites are not really insects.
Termites are unequivocally insects. The sentence does not challenge their classification; it challenges the value judgment placed upon them.
Conclusion:
The quoted sentence introduces the idea that common perceptions can be incomplete or incorrect, suggesting that things are not always what they seem.
Extract:
Passage 1 Many people find termites to be destructive little pests, but they are actually ingenious little creatures. Termites build mounds that are architectural marvels. These mounds have complex tunnel systems that allow for temperature control, ensuring the colony stays cool in hot weather. Some species even cultivate fungi inside their mounds for food. Their social structure is highly organized, with different termites having specific roles like workers, soldiers, and reproducers. Passage 2 Last summer, my heart sank when I found termites in the wooden beam of our porch. I called an exterminator immediately. He explained how they silently eat away at wood from the inside out. The repair bill was enormous, and we couldn't use the porch for weeks. I now have a yearly inspection scheduled. I'll never see termites as anything but a homeowner's nightmare.
The author of Passage 1 uses primarily:
A.
emotional appeals and personal stories.
B. facts and logic.
C. humorous exaggerations.
D. questions to the reader.
Rationale
The author of Passage 1 uses facts and logic primarily.
The rhetorical strategies an author employs are chosen to serve their purpose. Passage 1 aims to persuade by presenting a convincing, evidence-based case.
A) Emotional appeals and personal stories.
Passage 1 is impersonal and expository. It cites architectural marvels, temperature control systems, fungal cultivation, and social roles, all factual claims. It contains no personal anecdotes or language designed to evoke strong emotion.
B) Facts and logic.
The author builds a logical argument: 1) State the common view. 2) Claim it is mistaken. 3) Support the counter-claim with a series of verifiable, impressive facts about termite engineering and social organization. The persuasive force comes from the weight of these facts, appealing to the reader's reason.
C) Humorous exaggerations.
The tone is serious and admiring, not humorous. The descriptions, while positive, are not exaggerated; they are factual statements about real termite capabilities.
D) Questions to the reader.
The passage is declarative throughout. It makes statements; it does not pose rhetorical or direct questions to the reader.
Conclusion:
To support its persuasive goal, the author of Passage 1 relies on an appeal to reason through the use of facts and logic.
Extract:
Passage 1 Many people find termites to be destructive little pests, but they are actually ingenious little creatures. Termites build mounds that are architectural marvels. These mounds have complex tunnel systems that allow for temperature control, ensuring the colony stays cool in hot weather. Some species even cultivate fungi inside their mounds for food. Their social structure is highly organized, with different termites having specific roles like workers, soldiers, and reproducers. Passage 2 Last summer, my heart sank when I found termites in the wooden beam of our porch. I called an exterminator immediately. He explained how they silently eat away at wood from the inside out. The repair bill was enormous, and we couldn't use the porch for weeks. I now have a yearly inspection scheduled. I'll never see termites as anything but a homeowner's nightmare.
The argument that getting rid of homework is undoubtedly beneficial is an opinion statement because it:
A.
makes a judgment.
B. can be proven true.
C. is a fact about education.
D. uses strong language.
Rationale
The argument that getting rid of homework is undoubtedly beneficial is an opinion because it makes a judgment.
The key distinction between a fact and an opinion is that a fact can be objectively verified, while an opinion expresses a subjective belief, judgment, or feeling.
A) Makes a judgment.
The statement "getting rid of homework is undoubtedly beneficial" expresses a subjective evaluation about what is "beneficial." What constitutes a "benefit" in education (e.g., more free time vs. less practice) is a matter of perspective and values. This is a debatable claim, not a universally verifiable truth, which defines it as an opinion.
B) Can be proven true.
If it could be proven true with objective data, it would approach being a fact. However, the "benefit" of such a complex policy is multifaceted (academic, social, emotional) and would be argued using data by both sides, indicating it is an interpretative conclusion, not a simple fact.
C) Is a fact about education.
It is not a fact; it is a policy proposal or a claim about the effects of a policy. Facts are neutral and non-debatable (e.g., "Homework is often assigned in schools"). This statement takes a clear, debatable position.
D) Uses strong language.
The use of strong language like "undoubtedly" can signal an opinion, but it is not the defining characteristic. A fact can be stated strongly ("The sun is undoubtedly hot"). The core issue is not the strength of the language but the nature of the claim; it is a subjective judgment.
Conclusion:
The statement is an opinion because it expresses a subjective judgment about the value of a policy, not an objective, verifiable reality.
Which of the following is an example of a primary source?
A.
An encyclopedia
B. A biography
C. A guidebook
D. An interview
Rationale
An interview is an example of a primary source.
A primary source provides first-hand, original evidence or direct testimony concerning a topic, created by someone with direct experience.
A) An encyclopedia
An encyclopedia is a tertiary source. It compiles, summarizes, and synthesizes information from primary and secondary sources. It provides overviews, not original evidence.
B) A biography
A biography is a secondary source. It is an author's interpretation and narrative of a person's life, written using primary sources like letters, diaries, and interviews.
C) A guidebook
A guidebook is typically a secondary or tertiary source. It provides interpreted information, advice, and summaries for its readers, drawing on various sources.
D) An interview
A recorded or transcribed interview is a primary source. It is a first-hand account of the interviewee's experiences, opinions, or knowledge, created at the time of the interview.
Conclusion:
Among the options, the item that constitutes an original, first-hand account is an interview.
Which source would provide the least credible information to a researcher interested in studying changes in parenting techniques over the past forty years?
A.
An op-ed piece in today's newspaper on the hardships of being a parent of an adolescent
B. A currently published interview with a pediatrician on the benefits of positive discipline
C. A book published in 1985 about best practices in raising your child
D. A recent article in Parenting Magazine about parenting in the 1980s vs. today
Rationale
An op-ed piece on the hardships of parenting an adolescent would provide the least credible information for studying changes in parenting techniques over the past forty years.
Credibility for historical research depends on reliability, objectivity, and relevance to the research question about changes over time.
A) An op-ed piece in today's newspaper on the hardships of being a parent of an adolescent
This is the least credible for this purpose. An op-ed (opinion-editorial) is, by definition, a personal, subjective opinion. It reflects one person's contemporary views on a narrow aspect of parenting (hardships of adolescence). It provides no historical data about techniques from forty years ago and is not a reliable source for factual information about changing practices.
B) A currently published interview with a pediatrician on the benefits of positive discipline
This is a credible source from a professional expert on a specific technique. While it provides current perspective, it could offer insights into modern techniques for comparison. The pediatrician might even discuss historical changes in professional advice.
C) A book published in 1985 about best practices in raising your child
This is a highly credible primary source for understanding parenting techniques as they were advocated at a specific point in the past (1985). It provides direct evidence of the "past" side of the "changes over time" research question.
D) A recent article in Parenting Magazine about parenting in the 1980s vs. today
This is a credible secondary source that directly addresses the research question by comparing two time periods. It likely synthesizes historical data and current information to highlight changes.
Conclusion:
For studying historical changes, a contemporary personal opinion piece (an op-ed) has the least credibility, as it lacks historical depth, expertise, and objective analysis of the trend.
Which of the following is not a primary source on Betty Friedan?
A.
An interview with Betty Friedan
B. The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
C. A speech Betty Friedan gave during a march
D. An article about Betty Friedan's contributions to the women's movement
Rationale
An article about Betty Friedan's contributions to the women's movement is not a primary source.
A primary source on a person is material created by that person or a direct record of their words/actions during the period under study.
A) An interview with Betty Friedan
This is a primary source. It is a direct record of her spoken words and perspectives.
B) The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
This is a primary source. It is her own written work, expressing her ideas and analysis directly.
C) A speech Betty Friedan gave during a march
This is a primary source. The text or recording of the speech is a direct record of her words and actions.
D) An article about Betty Friedan's contributions to the women's movement
This is a secondary source. It is an analysis or interpretation of her life and work written by someone else, after the fact.
Conclusion:
The item that is an interpretation about the subject, rather than created by the subject, is an article about Betty Friedan's contributions.
What type of source is an online video presentation on the works of a famous artist?
A.
Primary
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. None of the above
Rationale
An online video presentation on the works of a famous artist is a secondary source.
The classification depends on the content and purpose of the video presentation.
A) Primary
A primary source would be the actual artworks themselves, or perhaps the artist's own notes or videos explaining their work. A presentation about the works is a step removed.
B) Secondary
A secondary source analyzes, interprets, or discusses primary sources. An online video presentation that explains, critiques, or teaches about the artist's works is interpreting the primary sources (the artworks). It is a second-hand account created by someone else, making it a secondary source.
C) Tertiary
A tertiary source compiles and distills information from primary and secondary sources into a very condensed format, like an index, textbook, or almanac. A video presentation is usually a focused interpretation, not a bare-bones compilation of facts.
D) None of the above
Given the above, "secondary" is the most accurate classification.
Conclusion:
An explanatory presentation about an artist's works is an interpretation of the primary material, qualifying it as a secondary source.
HESI A2 Exams
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